# 9th century BC
The 9th century BC covers the years 900 through 801 BC, a period in which three regions of the ancient world took steps that shaped their following centuries: Assyria began the expansion that became the [Neo-Assyrian Empire](https://www.edgepedia.org/neo-assyrian-empire), China's Western Zhou dynasty passed through the [Gonghe Regency](https://www.edgepedia.org/gonghe-regency), and Greece emerged into the Geometric period.
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| China | The Gonghe Regency of the Western Zhou dynasty ran from 841 to 828 BCE, after King Li of Zhou was exiled and the country was ruled by two dukes[1](https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Zhou_Dynasty/) |
| Assyria | Adad-nirari II (912-891 BCE) created the first foundations of the Neo-Assyrian Empire through annexation of territories and the introduction of a state administration[2](https://www.sbl-site.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/9781628375121.pdf) |
| Near East | The ninth through seventh centuries BCE were determined primarily by the emergence of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its influence on Israel and Judah[2](https://www.sbl-site.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/9781628375121.pdf) |
| Documentation | Military events of the Neo-Assyrian era are better documented than during any other time in ancient Mesopotamian history, thanks to the Assyrian annals and the Babylonian chronicles[3](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/assyria-ashurdan-ii-to-ashurnirari-v-954745-bc/84301ADF40B1BC99A9865FDFEF816BFA) |
| Greece | The Geometric period (900-700 BC) saw the formation of the Greek city-states, the introduction of the alphabet, the start of colonization of Italy and Asia Minor, and the fixation of the Homeric epics[4](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED399215.pdf) |
| Chronology debate | Radiocarbon determinations from Sindos may raise the Early Geometric period by around 100 to 150 years into the second half of the 11th century BC[5](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232906) |
| Anatolia | The Armenian kingdom of Urartu became powerful during the 900-700 BCE span[6](https://www.italianheritage.eu/9-century-bce/index.html) |
## China under the Western Zhou
The century fell within the [Western Zhou](https://www.edgepedia.org/western-zhou) dynasty (1046-771 BCE), which had replaced the [Shang dynasty](https://www.edgepedia.org/shang-dynasty) in China and was among the most culturally significant of the early Chinese dynasties[1](https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Zhou_Dynasty/). Its defining internal event came in 841 BCE, when [King Li of Zhou](https://www.edgepedia.org/king-li-of-zhou) was exiled and the country passed under the Gonghe Regency, a government run by two dukes that lasted until 828 BCE[1](https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Zhou_Dynasty/).
The Zhou had introduced influential changes to ancient China beyond what they inherited from the Shang[7](https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-1/pages/5-1-ancient-china). This political structure endured long afterward: the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle compiled around the fifth century BCE, records how the authority of the Zhou rulers slowly weakened while peripheral lands like Chu, Qin, and Yan grew steadily more independent.[7](https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-1/pages/5-1-ancient-china) In the final years of the century the dynasty was approaching the rupture that ended the Western period: following nomadic attacks in the west, the Zhou moved their capital east to [Luoyang](https://www.edgepedia.org/luoyang) in 771 BCE, beginning the Eastern Zhou period[1](https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Zhou_Dynasty/).
## The rise of Neo-Assyria
Assyria entered the century rebuilding. Already at the end of the tenth century BCE, Adad-nirari II (912-891 BCE) created the first foundations of the Neo-Assyrian Empire through the annexation of territories, with campaigns against Babylon and the Arameans, and the introduction of a state administration[2](https://www.sbl-site.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/9781628375121.pdf). The Cambridge Ancient History chapter covering Assyria from Ashur-Dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (954-745 BC) traces the political and military development of the empire in chronological order, and the volume's surrounding chapters cover [Babylonia](https://www.edgepedia.org/babylonia), Urartu, the Neo-Hittite states of Syria and Anatolia, and Israel and Judah until the revolt of Jehu (931-841 BC) and afterward, reflecting the interconnected political world the century produced[3](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/assyria-ashurdan-ii-to-ashurnirari-v-954745-bc/84301ADF40B1BC99A9865FDFEF816BFA).
The era left unusually rich records. Military events are better documented during this period than during any other time in ancient Mesopotamian history, thanks to the Assyrian annals and the Babylonian chronicles, and a sizeable corpus of letters from the royal chancellery adds detail for the later part of the period[3](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/assyria-ashurdan-ii-to-ashurnirari-v-954745-bc/84301ADF40B1BC99A9865FDFEF816BFA). In neighboring Urartu, the Armenian kingdom became a significant power over the 900-700 BCE span[6](https://www.italianheritage.eu/9-century-bce/index.html).
## Geometric Greece
In the Aegean, the century marks the start of the Geometric period (900-700 BC), which follows the Protogeometric (1050-900 BCE) in the sequence of the Greek Early Iron Age[8](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1449). The period is named after the rectilinear ornamentation found on pottery of the time[4](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED399215.pdf), and Greek Geometric art is characterized by notable bronze metalwork[9](https://www.namuseum.gr/en/collection/geometriki-periodos/).
The period's historical weight lies in institutions as much as in art. During these two centuries the Greek city-states were formed, the alphabet was introduced, colonization of Italy and Asia Minor began, and the Homeric epics took their fixed form[4](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED399215.pdf).
**A revised chronology.** The conventional dates of these Greek subperiods have come under revision. [Radiocarbon dating](https://www.edgepedia.org/radiocarbon-dating) at [Sindos](https://www.edgepedia.org/sindos) produced determinations from settlement phases that place Middle Geometric I well into the 10th century, while five determinations from a later phase may raise the Early Geometric period, by around 100 to 150 years, into the second half of the 11th century BC[5](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232906). Aegean archaeology had taken little account of parallel Near Eastern discussions about the historical dating of sites, which left some large ambiguity in the validity of the evidence used to define Greek Early Iron Age chronology[5](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232906).
## References
1. [Timeline: Zhou Dynasty, World History Encyclopedia](https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Zhou_Dynasty/)
2. [An Overview of the History of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, SBL Press](https://www.sbl-site.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/9781628375121.pdf)
3. [A. K. Grayson, Assyria: Ashur-Dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (954-745 B.C.), The Cambridge Ancient History](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/assyria-ashurdan-ii-to-ashurnirari-v-954745-bc/84301ADF40B1BC99A9865FDFEF816BFA)
4. [Chronology of Ancient Greece, ERIC](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED399215.pdf)
5. [Radiocarbon dating the Greek Protogeometric and Geometric periods: The evidence of Sindos, PLOS One](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232906)
6. [Timeline Chronology: IX century BCE, ItalianHeritage.eu](https://www.italianheritage.eu/9-century-bce/index.html)
7. [5.1 Ancient China, World History Volume 1, OpenStax](https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-1/pages/5-1-ancient-china)
8. [Early Iron Age Greece (c. 1150-700 BCE), Springer Nature](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1449)
9. [Geometric Period, National Archaeological Museum, Athens](https://www.namuseum.gr/en/collection/geometriki-periodos/)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › General historical chronologies › Decade, century, and millennium articles*
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