{ "id": "epnhty0593", "slug": "capillary-sequencing", "title": "Capillary sequencing", "updated": "2026-10-15", "topic_path": [ { "id": "life", "label": "Life and health", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/life" }, { "id": "life.biology", "label": "Biological foundations", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/life.biology" }, { "id": "life.biology.genetics", "label": "Genetics and genomic reference", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/life.biology.genetics" }, { "id": "life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases", "label": "Genomics, sequencing, and genome resources", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases" }, { "id": "life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases.dna-sequencing-technologies", "label": "DNA sequencing technologies", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases.dna-sequencing-technologies" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases", "label": "Non-geographic · 1946 to 2000: Genomics, sequencing, and genome resources", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases", "path": [ { "id": "geo.nongeo", "label": "Non-geographic", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946", "label": "Non-geographic · 1946 to 2000", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.life", "label": "Life and health", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.life" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology", "label": "Biological foundations", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics", "label": "Genetics and genomic reference", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases", "label": "Genomics, sequencing, and genome resources", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Capillary sequencing is the automated form of Sanger DNA sequencing that separates fluorescent fragments in thin capillaries, and remains the gold standard for validating NGS results.", "snippet": "Capillary sequencing is the automated form of Sanger DNA sequencing that separates fluorescent fragments in thin capillaries, and remains the gold standard for validating NGS results.", "node": "life.biology.genetics.genomics_projects_databases.dna-sequencing-technologies", "markdown": "# Capillary sequencing\n\nCapillary sequencing is the automated form of Sanger chain-termination [DNA sequencing](https://www.edgepedia.org/dna-sequencing) in which fluorescently labeled extension fragments are separated by electrophoresis inside thin capillaries and detected by laser-induced fluorescence, producing base calls with quality scores for bench-scale sequencing tasks. It remains the gold standard for validating NGS outcomes because of its recognized accuracy.[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6) • [2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3437308/)\n\n| Key fact | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Read length | Up to about 1,000 bases; good templates typically give 500–700 reliably clean bases, with accurate data to 900–950 bases[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6) • [3](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf) |\n| Raw accuracy | Up to 99.999% per base; a QV of 20 predicts a 1% error rate[3](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf) • [4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) |\n| Standard chemistry | BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing, with dITP in place of dGTP to reduce peak compressions[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) |\n| Typical reaction input | 100–500 ng plasmid or 20–50 ng PCR product, 3.2 pmol primer, 25 cycles[5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf) |\n| 3730xl instrument | 96 capillaries, POP-7 polymer, 1,920,000 Q20 bases/day (Rapid module)[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) • [6](https://www.deltasciencemm.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/3730-3730XL-Brochure.pdf) |\n| Historical scale | 96 channels × 12 runs/day × ~800 bp = 0.9 Mb/day at the end of the Human Genome Project (2003)[7](https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-genom-111919-082433) |\n\n## How it works\n\nThe method has two discrete steps.[8](https://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/9/11/a036798.full) First, a [DNA polymerase](https://www.edgepedia.org/dna-polymerase) copies the template in a reaction containing normal deoxynucleotides plus 2',3'-dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs), base analogs that lack the 3'-hydroxyl group essential for phosphodiester bond formation; whenever a ddNTP is incorporated, that chain stops.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) The result is a ladder of fragments, each ending at a base position dictated by the template. In dye-terminator chemistry, each of the four ddNTPs carries a different fluorescent dye, so fragment identity and length are read in one reaction.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf)\n\nSecond, the fragments are separated with single-nucleotide resolution by capillary electrophoresis. A high-voltage charge applied to the sample forces the negatively charged fragments into the capillaries electrokinetically, and they migrate by size through a denaturing flowable polymer.[9](https://genomics.lsu.edu/documentation/vendor/3130_Fragment_Analysis_User_Guide_4474504.pdf) • [4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) As each fragment passes the detector, a laser excites its dye; the emitted signal is split by a diffraction system, recorded by a CCD camera, and corrected for overlapping dye spectra with a multicomponent matrix derived from a spectral calibration.[9](https://genomics.lsu.edu/documentation/vendor/3130_Fragment_Analysis_User_Guide_4474504.pdf) [Software](https://www.edgepedia.org/software) converts the four-color trace into base calls and quality values: the KB Basecaller's quality prediction is calibrated to the Phred relationship, in which a QV of 20 predicts a 1% error rate, and results are stored as .ab1 trace files.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf)\n\n## How it is done\n\nThe practitioner workflow has six steps: PCR amplification, PCR clean-up, cycle sequencing, sequencing clean-up, capillary electrophoresis, and data analysis; cycle sequencing uses a single primer, unlike PCR's two.[10](https://www.thermofisher.com/au/en/home/life-science/sequencing/sequencing-learning-center/capillary-electrophoresis-information/how-conduct-fragment-analysis0.html) A typical 20 µL BigDye Terminator v3.1 reaction contains 100–500 ng plasmid template or 20–50 ng PCR product, 1 µL BigDye Terminator v3.1, 3.2 pmol primer, and 3.5 µL 5× buffer, cycled 25 times at 96 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 5 s, and 60 °C for 4 min; 50 °C is the kit's standard annealing temperature.[5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf)\n\nCleanup is essential to data quality: it must remove unincorporated ddNTPs, salts, and other fluorescent contaminants that would otherwise interfere with electrokinetic injection, electrophoresis, and analysis.[10](https://www.thermofisher.com/au/en/home/life-science/sequencing/sequencing-learning-center/capillary-electrophoresis-information/how-conduct-fragment-analysis0.html) • [5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf) Salt is a specific problem because it is preferentially electrokinetically injected over the sequencing fragments, reducing signal and read length.[11](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1013010) Options are ethanol/EDTA precipitation, BigDye XTerminator, spin columns, and bead cleanup.[5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf) [Direct sequencing](https://www.edgepedia.org/direct-sequencing) of genomic DNA is not recommended, except bacterial gDNA, because of the low target-to-background ratio.[5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf)\n\n## Origin\n\nThe electrophoretic foundation was zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries, reported by [James W. Jorgenson](https://www.edgepedia.org/james-w-jorgenson) and Krynn DeArman Lukacs in Analytical Chemistry in 1981.[12](https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00231a037) Four-color fluorescent detection of Sanger fragments, which replaced radiolabels and film, was reported by [Lloyd M. Smith](https://www.edgepedia.org/lloyd-m-smith) and colleagues in Nature in 1986[13](https://doi.org/10.1038/321674a0), and fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides, the dye-terminator chemistry, were described by James M. Prober and colleagues in Science in 1987.[14](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2443975) Related early proposals for automated high-throughput sequencing came from Akiyoshi Wada in [Nature](https://www.edgepedia.org/nature-journal) in 1987 and from Wilhelm Ansorge and colleagues in Nucleic Acids Research in 1987.[15](https://doi.org/10.1038/325771a0) • [16](https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.11.4593)\n\n[Capillary gel electrophoresis](https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-gel-electrophoresis) for sequencing was reported in 1990 by more than one group: Harold Swerdlow and Raymond Gesteland in Nucleic Acids Research[17](https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.6.1415); A.S. Cohen, D.R. Najarian, and B.L. Karger in Journal of Chromatography A[18](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673%2801%2990203-1); and Howard Drossman and colleagues in Analytical Chemistry.[19](https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00208a003) Luckey and colleagues showed that capillary gel electrophoresis increased the speed of sequence analysis by up to 14-fold over conventional slab-gel methodology.[20](https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/18/15/4417/6213494/18-15-4417.pdf) [Capillary](https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary) array electrophoresis with laser-excited confocal fluorescence scanning was proposed by [Richard A. Mathies](https://www.edgepedia.org/richard-a-mathies) and Xiaohua C. Huang in Nature in 1992[21](https://doi.org/10.1038/359167a0), and a multiple-sheathflow capillary array DNA analyser was reported by Hideki Kambara and Satoshi Takahashi in Nature in 1993.[22](https://doi.org/10.1038/361565a0)\n\nDisplacement of slab gels followed from throughput and automation: commercial slab-gel instruments of the late 1990s produced about 700 bases per sample, while capillary systems allowed unattended operation with automatic polymer replacement and 96 or more capillaries.[23](https://web.stanford.edu/group/barronlab/PubPdfs/1993-2000/analchem2000_72_1045.pdf) The Karger group's DOE-funded program (1990–2002) developed the replaceable linear polyacrylamide (LPA) matrices used on the MegaBase array instrument to sequence a significant portion of the human genome.[11](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1013010) The first composite human genome sequence, reported in 2001, was obtained largely using capillary electrophoresis[2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3437308/), and by 2003 CE-Sanger was the dominant technology at 0.9 Mb per day per instrument.[7](https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-genom-111919-082433)\n\n## Variants\n\nIn dye-terminator chemistry, each of the four dideoxynucleotide terminators carries a different dye and all products are injected into one capillary; in dye-primer chemistry, four separate reactions with dye-labeled primers are combined before injection.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) BigDye Terminator v1.1 and v3.1 and dRhodamine terminators use dITP in place of dGTP to reduce peak compressions.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) Energy-transfer dyes were implemented in the Karger program's long-read work.[11](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1013010) The 3730xl DNA Analyzer runs 96 capillaries with POP-7 polymer, and its Rapid module delivers 1,920,000 Q20 bases per day, while the Long-Read module delivers reads over 1,000 bases.[4](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf) • [6](https://www.deltasciencemm.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/3730-3730XL-Brochure.pdf) The SeqStudio Flex Series comes in 8- and 24-capillary configurations and delivers QV20 continuous read length of at least 600 bp.[24](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187517682200083X)\n\n## Applications\n\n[Sanger sequencing](https://www.edgepedia.org/sanger-sequencing) remains the gold standard for validating NGS outcomes because of its recognized accuracy[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6), and it is a technique that has provided both de novo sequencing and de novo assembly of a human genome, as Oxford Nanopore sequencing has also been used for this purpose.[2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3437308/) • [28](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJEB23027) After the Joint Genome Institute retired all of its Sanger instruments as large-scale centers converted to NGS, CE systems remained in heavy use for benchtop-scale targeted sequencing.[25](https://bio.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/Michael%20L.%20Metzker%20next%20gen%20seq%20rev.pdf) Forensic STR genotyping on 4-capillary SeqStudio HID instruments is an established application.[26](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00414-023-03016-y.pdf) In 2025, Tamamura and colleagues reported HiDy-CE, which modified a conventional Hitachi DS3000 sequencer by changing CCD hardware binning to expand dynamic range 8.09-fold, detecting KRAS codon 12/13 variant allele frequencies as low as 0.5% and, with 2 ng input DNA, giving results highly concordant with digital PCR in a total turnaround of 210 min.[27](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12218273/)\n\n## Limitations and alternatives\n\nDocumented failure modes include dye blobs, which can render accurate base determination implausible, and non-specific PCR amplification, a common source of technical error.[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6) Chromatogram resolution drops noticeably for amplicons exceeding 800 bp, attributed to incomplete primer extension, secondary structure, and heteroduplex formation.[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6) Cleanup sensitivity is a further constraint, since residual salt and dye terminators degrade injection and signal.[5](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf)\n\nAgainst NGS, capillary sequencing offers long reads and very high single-read accuracy but limited parallelization: simultaneous electrophoresis in 96 or 384 capillaries, with new-platform base-calls on average at least tenfold less accurate than Sanger base-calls.[3](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf) Sanger raw accuracies reach 99.999% at about $0.50 per kilobase in high-throughput shotgun mode, while sequencing 100 genes from 100 samples was quoted at $300,000 to over $1,000,000.[3](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf) Illumina's whole-genome service cost $19,500, versus $250,000 in reagent costs in 2008.[2](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3437308/) [Pacific Biosciences](https://www.edgepedia.org/pacific-biosciences) single-molecule real-time sequencing reaches average read lengths above 10,000 bases at a single-read error rate of about 10%, and its read lengths are much longer than Sanger read lengths.[8](https://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/9/11/a036798.full) • [29](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4678779/) Published sources give typical reliable Sanger reads of 500–700 bases[1](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6) while also citing read lengths up to about 1,000 bp[3](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf); the difference reflects template quality and operating conditions rather than a settled single figure.\n\n## References\n\n1. [Mastering DNA chromatogram analysis in Sanger sequencing for reliable clinical analysis](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43141-023-00587-6)\n2. [Landscape of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3437308/)\n3. [Next-generation DNA sequencing (Metzker, Nature Biotechnology)](https://proteome.gs.washington.edu/classes/Genome372/Readings/nbt1486.pdf)\n4. [DNA Sequencing by Capillary Electrophoresis Chemistry Guide / Sequencing Handbook (Applied Biosystems, November 2024 edition)](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-sequencing-handbook-flr.pdf)\n5. [Guide to Sanger Sequencing at RAMAC (Ramaciotti Centre, UNSW)](https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/science/ramaciotti-centre/resources/2025-01-ramaciotti/2024-11-ramac-sanger-sequencing-service-guide-2019-v1.0.pdf)\n6. [Applied Biosystems 3730/3730xl Brochure (2005)](https://www.deltasciencemm.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/3730-3730XL-Brochure.pdf)\n7. [Cultivating DNA Sequencing Technology After the Human Genome Project (Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics)](https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-genom-111919-082433)\n8. [Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies (Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine)](https://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/9/11/a036798.full)\n9. [DNA Fragment Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis User Guide (Applied Biosystems, 3130)](https://genomics.lsu.edu/documentation/vendor/3130_Fragment_Analysis_User_Guide_4474504.pdf)\n10. [How to Conduct Sanger Sequencing | Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://www.thermofisher.com/au/en/home/life-science/sequencing/sequencing-learning-center/capillary-electrophoresis-information/how-conduct-fragment-analysis0.html)\n11. [Final Report - DOE Human Genome Project DE-FG02-90ER-6085: DNA Sequencing Using Capillary Electrophoresis (Karger group)](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1013010)\n12. [James W. Jorgenson, Krynn DeArman. Lukacs (1981). Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass capillaries. Analytical Chemistry.](https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00231a037)\n13. [Lloyd M. Smith and colleagues (1986). Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis. Nature.](https://doi.org/10.1038/321674a0)\n14. [James M. Prober and colleagues (1987). A System for Rapid DNA Sequencing with Fluorescent Chain-Terminating Dideoxynucleotides. Science.](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2443975)\n15. [Akiyoshi Wada (1987). Automated high-speed DNA sequencing. Nature.](https://doi.org/10.1038/325771a0)\n16. [Wilhelm Ansorge and colleagues (1987). Automated DNA sequencing: ultrasensitive detection of fluorescent bands during electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Research.](https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.11.4593)\n17. [Harold Swerdlow, Raymond Gesteland (1990). Capillary gel electrophoresis for rapid, high resolution DNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research.](https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.6.1415)\n18. [Separation and analysis of DNA sequence reaction products by capillary gel electrophoresis (Journal of Chromatography A, 1990)](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673%2801%2990203-1)\n19. [Howard. Drossman and colleagues (1990). High-speed separations of DNA sequencing reactions by capillary electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry.](https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00208a003)\n20. [High speed DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis (Luckey et al., Nucleic Acids Research 1990)](https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-pdf/18/15/4417/6213494/18-15-4417.pdf)\n21. [Richard A. Mathies, Xiaohua C. Huang (1992). Capillary array electrophoresis: an approach to high-speed, high-throughput DNA sequencing. Nature.](https://doi.org/10.1038/359167a0)\n22. [Hideki Kambara, Satoshi Takahashi (1993). Multiple-sheathflow capillary array DNA analyser. Nature.](https://doi.org/10.1038/361565a0)\n23. [DNA Sequencing up to 1300 Bases in Two Hours by Capillary Electrophoresis with Mixed Replaceable Linear Polyacrylamide Solutions (Anal. Chem. 2000)](https://web.stanford.edu/group/barronlab/PubPdfs/1993-2000/analchem2000_72_1045.pdf)\n24. [Genetic analysis instrumentation innovations built into the SeqStudio Flex Genetic Analyzers (Forensic Sci. Int. Genetics Supplement, 2022)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187517682200083X)\n25. [Sequencing technologies, the next generation (Metzker, Nature Reviews Genetics)](https://bio.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/Michael%20L.%20Metzker%20next%20gen%20seq%20rev.pdf)\n26. [Internal validation study to assess the SeqStudio for human identification's performance (Int. J. Legal Medicine, 2023)](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00414-023-03016-y.pdf)\n27. [High dynamic range capillary electrophoresis method for sensitive detection of low-frequency driver mutations (Scientific Reports, 2025)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12218273/)\n28. [Nanopore NA12878 Human WGS (ID 414313) - BioProject - NCBI](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJEB23027)\n29. [pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4678779/)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Life and health › Biological foundations › Genetics and genomic reference › Genomics, sequencing, and genome resources › DNA sequencing technologies*\n\n*Initially written Sep 29, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Capillary sequencing\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Capillary sequencing](https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing](https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Capillary sequencing\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/capillary-sequencing. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Capillary sequencing is the automated form of Sanger DNA sequencing that separates fluorescent fragments in thin capillaries, and remains the gold standard for validating NGS results." }