{ "id": "epr3a5jjjy", "slug": "diffusion-bonding", "title": "Diffusion bonding", "updated": "2026-10-21", "topic_path": [ { "id": "technology", "label": "Technology and the built world", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/technology" }, { "id": "technology.engineering", "label": "Engineering and manufacturing", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/technology.engineering" }, { "id": "technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes", "label": "Manufacturing processes and fabrication", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes" }, { "id": "technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes.welding-soldering-and-joining", "label": "Welding, soldering, and joining", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes.welding-soldering-and-joining" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes", "label": "Non-geographic · 1946 to 2000: Manufacturing processes and fabrication", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes", "path": [ { "id": "geo.nongeo", "label": "Non-geographic", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946", "label": "Non-geographic · 1946 to 2000", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.technology", "label": "Technology and the built world", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.technology" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering", "label": "Engineering and manufacturing", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering" }, { "id": "geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes", "label": "Manufacturing processes and fabrication", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.nongeo.t1946.technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Diffusion bonding, also called diffusion welding, is a solid-state joining process in which heat and pressure unite clean surfaces by atomic diffusion without melting, used mainly in aerospace.", "snippet": "Diffusion bonding, also called diffusion welding, is a solid-state joining process in which heat and pressure unite clean surfaces by atomic diffusion without melting, used mainly in aerospace.", "node": "technology.engineering.manufacturing.processes.welding-soldering-and-joining", "markdown": "# Diffusion bonding\n\nDiffusion bonding is a solid-state joining process in which two clean, close-fitting surfaces are united by heat and pressure so that atoms diffuse across the interface without melting. The American Welding Society's preferred term for the process is [diffusion welding](https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-welding), though diffusion bonding is more common in industry.[1](https://www.asminternational.org/results/-/journal_content/56/ASMHBA0001350/BOOK-ARTICLE/) Joining occurs below the melting point of the materials, usually above half of the absolute melting temperature, with loads below those that would cause macroscopic deformation of the parts.[1](https://www.asminternational.org/results/-/journal_content/56/ASMHBA0001350/BOOK-ARTICLE/) The International Institute of Welding adopted a definition of a monolithic joint formed by atomic-level bonding through local plastic deformation at elevated temperature, which aids interdiffusion in the surface layers.[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html) Because the joint is monolithic, it can carry the parent metal's own properties; the process is used for aerospace structures, nuclear components, and compact heat exchangers,[3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf) • [4](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2368568) although it remains expensive and is widespread mainly in aerospace engineering.[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613)\n\n| Key fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Bonding temperature | About 50–90% of the absolute melting point; other handbooks give 50–80%[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html) • [3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf) |\n| Bonding time | A few minutes to a few hours[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html) |\n| Atmosphere | Vacuum (typically 10⁻³ mbar or better) or inert gas, to prevent oxidation[6](https://oro.open.ac.uk/99929/1/Issue%209%20Shirzadi%20pages%2013-15.pdf) |\n| Bonding stages | Intimate contact, metallic bond formation, interdiffusion, and recrystallization and/or grain growth[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) |\n| Example conditions (Ti-6Al-4V) | 900 °C, 0.3 kgf/mm², 2 h, 10⁻³ Pa vacuum[8](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/25/6/25_6_513/_pdf/-char/ja) |\n| SPF/DB savings | Typically 10–50% weight savings and 25–40% cost reduction versus conventional fabrication[9](https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2015/02/matecconf-icnft2015_01005.pdf) |\n| Example joint strength | Ti-6Al-4V to Ti-22Al-25Nb: 894 MPa tensile, nearly equal to the base alloy[10](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003632621655814) |\n\n## How it works\n\nBonding proceeds because real surfaces touch only at asperity peaks. The accepted sequence has four basic stages: development of intimate physical contact, formation of the metallic bond, interdiffusion, and recrystallization and/or grain growth across the interface.[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) In the first stage, pressure must be high enough to plastically deform surface irregularities, which on machined parts range from roughly 10 to 1,000 microinches in roughness.[11](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660010173/downloads/19660010173.pdf) At the end of this stage the bonded area is still less than 10%, with voids and oxide remaining between isolated bonded regions; creep and diffusion then close the voids.[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html)\n\nTemperature dominates the kinetics. Atom migration across the interface follows an exponential dependence of the form \\( D = A e^{-a' \\cdot R \\cdot T} \\),[11](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660010173/downloads/19660010173.pdf) and an increase of about 20 K can double the diffusion coefficient and drastically raise the creep rate at a given bearing pressure.[12](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ce94/91e458ed96688444c870159782343684d687.pdf) [Grain boundary](https://www.edgepedia.org/grain-boundary) diffusion predominates at low and medium temperature, while volume diffusion takes over at high temperature.[12](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ce94/91e458ed96688444c870159782343684d687.pdf) Residual microporosity can be removed by holding at temperature without pressure, driven by surface-energy vacancy diffusion, with the void shrinkage rate proportional to the inverse square of the pore radius.[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) For many steels, copper, titanium, tantalum, columbium, and zirconium, the oxide films dissolve or decompose at bonding temperature, so they do not block joining.[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html)\n\n## How it is done\n\nA diffusion bonder is essentially a vacuum hot press with independently controlled pressure and temperature, using radiation, conduction, or induction heating; its limitations include stringent surface preparation and very high capital investment. An industrial vacuum hot-press workflow has four steps: stacking the parts in air, evacuating the furnace, plastically deforming the interface irregularities under simultaneous pressurization and heating, and completing the bond by volume diffusion, interface migration, and void disappearance.[3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf) Bonding is generally carried out at 50–80% of the melting point, with pressure chosen to avoid excessive deformation and vacuum chosen to prevent oxidation; inadequate vacuum or poor surface condition produces void defects.[3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf)\n\nTypical conditions illustrate the windows. Ti-6Al-4V plates 5–40 mm thick were bonded at 900 °C, 0.3 kgf/mm², for 2 hours in 10⁻³ Pa vacuum.[8](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/25/6/25_6_513/_pdf/-char/ja) A 1973 analysis of Ti-6Al-4V found the required bonding pressure drops sharply as bond time increases to about 3–4 hours at 1650–1740 °F, with virtually no further reduction beyond that.[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) For 316H stainless steel, phase-field modeling points to optimal temperatures of 1050–1100 °C and adequate pressures of 7–20 MPa, with bonding stagnant at or below 1000 °C and grain coarsening above 1100 °C.[13](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921509325012754) Quality is verified by microstructure, tensile testing, and ultrasonic inspection.[3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf)\n\n## Origin\n\nForms of diffusion bonding have been used for millennia, most notably to produce patterned blades such as those of the samurai.[14](https://-sage-cnpereading-com-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/doi/10.1177/0954405413498584) A 1966 NASA technical report describes the process as an established joining technique already used to produce reliable bonds in nuclear reactor fuel elements, with aerospace structural applications projected.[11](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660010173/downloads/19660010173.pdf) Studies of diffusion welding of Ti-6Al-4V published in 1968–1970 in the Welding Research Supplement preceded the 1973 pressure-requirements analysis.[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) Research on diffusion welding of titanium alloys led to the technique being put into practical aircraft production in Japan, with a CCV research aircraft flying safely in August 1983.[8](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/25/6/25_6_513/_pdf/-char/ja)\n\n## Variants\n\n**SPF/DB** combines superplastic forming with diffusion bonding in a single step to produce complex hollow or honeycomb structures. A patented concurrent SPF/DB process achieves bonding at much lower normal pressures than hot isostatic pressing vessels, because the pressure originates from the superplastic forming operation itself.[14](https://-sage-cnpereading-com-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/doi/10.1177/0954405413498584) • [15](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10342841/) In the four-sheet process, two core sheets with a welded cell pattern and two face sheets are welded together along the periphery, then inert gas pressure at elevated temperature forms the sandwich into an integrally stiffened structure.[16](https://saemobilus.sae.org/articles/advancements-superplastic-forming-diffusion-bonding-titanium-alloys-heat-critical-aerospace-applications-2020-01-0033)\n\n**Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding**, commonly called [diffusion brazing](https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-brazing), places a thin interlayer with a lower melting point between the substrates; on heating the interlayer melts and its solute diffuses into the base materials, causing isothermal solidification, so the finished bond has a higher melting point than the bonding temperature.[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613) • [17](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-011-5561-1) The slow stage is controlled by the solid-phase interdiffusion coefficient.[2](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html) Partial transient liquid phase (PTLP) bonding, a variant used mainly to join ceramics, uses thin low-melting layers on each side of a much thicker refractory core.[17](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-011-5561-1) Simpler bonding aids, such as interface foils or coatings, can facilitate bonding or prevent brittle phases between dissimilar materials, provided they do not form a low-temperature liquid eutectic.[1](https://www.asminternational.org/results/-/journal_content/56/ASMHBA0001350/BOOK-ARTICLE/)\n\n## Applications\n\nDiffusion bonding is used where a monolithic, parent-metal joint or a lightweight laminated structure justifies its cost. Laminated diffusion welding of titanium reduced the buy-to-fly ratio (weight of raw material bought vs. final part) from approximately 8 for machined forgings to approximately 3.[8](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/25/6/25_6_513/_pdf/-char/ja) SPF/DB structures serve as ducts, aircraft wing access panels, rudders, nozzles, engine casings, and blades; the largest reported parts reach 3000 mm × 1500 mm with four layers, and a rib-stiffened fuselage panel of that size gave 10% weight saving, 30% production-time reduction, and 70% fewer components versus conventional processing.[9](https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2015/02/matecconf-icnft2015_01005.pdf) A United States Department of Energy project led by the University of Michigan is qualifying diffusion-bonded Alloy 617 and type 316H compact heat exchangers for ASME BPVC Section III, Division 5 nuclear service.[4](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2368568) The process is also a candidate for joining titanium alloys to aluminum, stainless steel, and magnesium, where fusion welding produces undesirable intermetallic compounds,[18](https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jmmp/jmmp-04-00039/article_deploy/jmmp-04-00039.pdf?version=1592389328) and for joining and repair of nickel-based superalloy components via TLP bonding.[17](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-011-5561-1)\n\nWhen the applied pressure is sufficient, joints can match the parent metal. An analytical model for Ti-6Al-4V predicts complete closure of bond surfaces, and full parent-metal strength, when the ratio of applied to required pressure exceeds 1; below that condition bonds show porosity and sub-parent strength.[7](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf) Measured examples include 894 MPa tensile strength for a Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-22Al-25Nb joint bonded at 950 °C, 15 MPa, and 100 min,[10](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003632621655814) and base-metal-equivalent tensile strength for SUS304 stainless steel when surface pressure was raised enough to eliminate interface voids.[3](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf)\n\n## Limitations and alternatives\n\nThe main defects are residual voids from insufficient pressure or vacuum, surface oxides, and interfacial compounds. On titanium alloys heated in air, an α-case oxide layer several microns thick forms and suppresses atomic diffusion, hindering bonding.[15](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10342841/) Large differences in diffusivity of major alloying elements across the interface produce Kirkendall pores that degrade mechanical properties,[19](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/8/1438) and thick intermetallic phases significantly decrease bond strength in dissimilar joints.[18](https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jmmp/jmmp-04-00039/article_deploy/jmmp-04-00039.pdf?version=1592389328) For diffusion-bonded Alloy 617, elevated-temperature creep-fatigue properties were significantly reduced compared with the base metal, with failure occurring at the weakest interface.[4](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2368568)\n\n[Titanium alloys](https://www.edgepedia.org/titanium-alloys) and steels whose oxides dissolve at bonding temperature bond readily. Stable oxides on aluminum and its alloys are the classic obstacle: early work in 1966 and 1995 showed a minimum deformation of about 40% is needed to disrupt the oxide and produce reasonable solid-state bond strengths,[20](http://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/surface.science.pdf) and thick surface oxide also makes aluminum difficult to SPF/DB.[9](https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2015/02/matecconf-icnft2015_01005.pdf) The protective oxide layer on [austenitic stainless steel](https://www.edgepedia.org/austenitic-stainless-steel) makes bonding it non-trivial,[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613) and passivation layers of different composition on austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels affect the local diffusion coefficient, so different bonding temperatures are needed; martensitic grades bond easily at low deformation, while ferritic and austenitic grades require much more extreme parameters.[21](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201700367) [Refractory metals](https://www.edgepedia.org/refractory-metals) are difficult because solid-state joining needs more than 50% of the homologous melting temperature plus high pressure, and with reasonable effort tungsten or tantalum cannot be diffusion bonded.[19](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/8/1438) • [12](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ce94/91e458ed96688444c870159782343684d687.pdf) Dissimilar pairs suffer from differences in thermal expansion, melting point, and metallurgical compatibility, giving brittle intermetallics and high residual stresses, so interlayers are often required.[22](https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I5/835)\n\nCompared with fusion joining, diffusion bonding produces less distortion and no residual stresses or thermal gradients at the bond site.[23](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1013/1/012011/pdf) In [vacuum brazing](https://www.edgepedia.org/vacuum-brazing), by contrast, the filler does not fully diffuse into the base materials, isothermal solidification does not occur, and no relevant pressure is applied, which allows much simpler equipment.[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613) [Hot isostatic pressing](https://www.edgepedia.org/hot-isostatic-pressing) (HIP) applies isostatic argon pressure instead of a uniaxial ram; one review gives HIP conditions of several hundreds to 2000 °C and several tens to 200 MPa,[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613) while another source describes aerospace HIP diffusion bonding at up to about 1000 °C and around 100 atmospheres.[14](https://-sage-cnpereading-com-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/doi/10.1177/0954405413498584) [Friction stir welding](https://www.edgepedia.org/friction-stir-welding), high-energy beam welding, brazing, and additive manufacturing are the other major routes for dissimilar and complex structures.[22](https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I5/835) The process's main economic limitation is cost: it is expensive and only widespread in aerospace engineering.[5](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613)\n\nRecent work targets those limits. In one 2024 study, field-assisted sintering technology joined INCONEL 617 at 800 °C under 10 MPa for 30 min, well below the 1120–1200 °C needed in conventional vacuum bonding, giving a crack- and void-free faying surface about 10 μm thick.[24](https://beta.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ad6237) Impulse pressure-assisted bonding, using varying rather than constant pressure, has been claimed to reduce overall processing and bonding time.[19](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/8/1438)\n\n## References\n\n1. [Fundamentals of Diffusion Bonding (ASM International, 1993)](https://www.asminternational.org/results/-/journal_content/56/ASMHBA0001350/BOOK-ARTICLE/)\n2. [Diffusion bonding (University of Cambridge phase-trans course material by A. Shirzadi)](https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/Amir/bond.html)\n3. [Development of Diffusion Bonding Process by IHI Vacuum Hot Press](https://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/techinfo/contents_no/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2023/09/14/Vol56No2_12.pdf)\n4. [Advancing Diffusion Bonded Compact Heat Exchangers for High Temperature Applications (DOE-NE project report)](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2368568)\n5. [Diffusion Bonding and Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) Bonding of Type 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel, A Review (Metals, 2020)](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/5/613)\n6. [Fundamentals of solid-state diffusion bonding (Welding and Joining Matters, 2024)](https://oro.open.ac.uk/99929/1/Issue%209%20Shirzadi%20pages%2013-15.pdf)\n7. [C. H. Hamilton, 'Pressure Requirements for Diffusion Bonding Titanium' (Titanium Conference, 1973)](https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/ZZ-WCTP1973-VOL1/1973_Vol.1-5-Pressure_Requir.pdf)\n8. [The Application of Diffusion Welding to Aircraft Titanium Alloys (Transactions ISIJ, Vol. 25, 1985)](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational1966/25/6/25_6_513/_pdf/-char/ja)\n9. [Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding: Progress and trends (MATEC Web of Conferences, ICNFT 2015)](https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2015/02/matecconf-icnft2015_01005.pdf)\n10. [Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/Ti-22Al-25Nb joint formed by diffusion bonding (Trans. Nonferrous Metals Society of China)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1003632621655814)\n11. [Diffusion Bonding (NASA Technical Report, 1966)](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19660010173/downloads/19660010173.pdf)\n12. [Diffusion Bonding: Influence of Process Parameters and Material Microstructure (book chapter, Semantic Scholar copy)](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ce94/91e458ed96688444c870159782343684d687.pdf)\n13. [Phase-field modeling of diffusion bonding in 316H stainless steel: Impact of processing conditions on grain morphology and bonding quality (2025)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921509325012754)\n14. [Preliminary study of improving the speed and cost of diffusion bonding of metal sheets (Proc. IMechE, 2013/2014; DOI 10.1177/0954405413498584, accessed via university proxy mirror)](https://-sage-cnpereading-com-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/doi/10.1177/0954405413498584)\n15. [One-Step Hybrid Bending/Diffusion Bonding Process and Analysis of the Bonding Characteristics of Titanium Alloy Sheets (2023, PMC)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10342841/)\n16. [Advancements of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Titanium Alloys for Heat Critical Aerospace Applications (SAE 2020-01-0033)](https://saemobilus.sae.org/articles/advancements-superplastic-forming-diffusion-bonding-titanium-alloys-heat-critical-aerospace-applications-2020-01-0033)\n17. [Overview of transient liquid phase and partial transient liquid phase bonding (Journal of Materials Science)](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10853-011-5561-1)\n18. [Current Trends in Dissimilar Diffusion Bonding of Titanium Alloys to Stainless Steels, Aluminium and Magnesium (J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2020, 4, 39)](https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/jmmp/jmmp-04-00039/article_deploy/jmmp-04-00039.pdf?version=1592389328)\n19. [Evaluation of Tungsten, Steel Solid-State Bonding: Options and the Role of CALPHAD to Screen Diffusion Bonding Interlayers (Metals, 2023)](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/8/1438)\n20. [Interface evolution and bond strength when diffusion bonding materials with stable oxide films (Shirzadi & Wallach)](http://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/surface.science.pdf)\n21. [Challenges of Diffusion Bonding of Different Classes of Stainless Steels (Advanced Engineering Materials, Wiley)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201700367)\n22. [Acta Metallurgica Sinica review of dissimilar material joining technologies (2026)](https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I5/835)\n23. [Solid State Diffusion Bonding Process – A Review (IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021)](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1013/1/012011/pdf)\n24. [Solid-state diffusion bonding for INCONEl 617 superalloy using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) guided by CALPHAD approach (Materials Research Express, 2024)](https://beta.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ad6237)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Technology and the built world › Engineering and manufacturing › Manufacturing processes and fabrication › Welding, soldering, and joining*\n\n*Initially written Sep 29, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 21, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Diffusion bonding\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Diffusion bonding](https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding](https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Diffusion bonding\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/diffusion-bonding. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Diffusion bonding, also called diffusion welding, is a solid-state joining process in which heat and pressure unite clean surfaces by atomic diffusion without melting, used mainly in aerospace." }