{ "id": "eprgdyc39p", "slug": "felix-de-azara", "title": "Félix de Azara", "updated": "2026-10-15", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other" }, { "id": "society.history.other.latin-america", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.latin-america" }, { "id": "society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon", "label": "Spanish America under the Bourbons (1700 to 1808)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america", "label": "Western Europe · 1000 to 1799: Latin America and the Caribbean", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america", "path": [ { "id": "geo.weu", "label": "Western Europe", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu" }, { "id": "geo.weu.t1000", "label": "Western Europe · 1000 to 1799", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000" }, { "id": "geo.weu.t1000.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000.society" }, { "id": "geo.weu.t1000.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.weu.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america" } ] }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean · 1000 to 1799: Spanish America under the Bourbons (1700 to 1808)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon", "path": [ { "id": "geo.latam", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean · 1000 to 1799", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america", "label": "Latin America and the Caribbean", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america" }, { "id": "geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon", "label": "Spanish America under the Bourbons (1700 to 1808)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.latam.t1000.society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Félix de Azara was a Spanish military engineer and amateur naturalist who spent 20 years, from 1781 to 1801, on boundary commissions in Paraguay and the Río de la Plata.", "snippet": "Félix de Azara was a Spanish military engineer and amateur naturalist who spent 20 years, from 1781 to 1801, on boundary commissions in Paraguay and the Río de la Plata.", "node": "society.history.other.latin-america.la-bourbon", "markdown": "# Félix de Azara\n\n**Félix de Azara y Perera** (born in Barbuñales, Huesca; died there in 1821) was a Spanish military engineer and amateur naturalist who spent twenty years, from 1781 to 1801, on the boundary commissions that were to fix the frontier between Spanish and Portuguese South America, and who used that service to carry out important studies on the geography and natural history of Paraguay and the [Río de la Plata](https://www.edgepedia.org/rio-de-la-plata).[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [2](https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/120124) • [3](https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es) • [4](https://riobranco.archivonacional.gov.py/index.php/azara-felix-de-comisario-de-la-division-demarcadora;isaar?sf_culture=en) He rose to brigadier of the Royal Armada.[5](https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm) • [6](https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/76275/1/Descripci%c3%b3n_e_historia_del_Paraguay_y_II.pdf)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Born | Barbuñales (Huesca); the year is disputed, with 1746 per the Library of Congress and other authority records[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [7](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88627160.html) |\n| Died | Barbuñales, 1821; the day is given as 17, 20, or 26 October by different sources[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/) |\n| Principal office | Comisario of the Third Demarcation Party for the Spanish-Portuguese boundary, from 1781[2](https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/120124) • [3](https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es) |\n| Rank | Brigadier of the Armada (1802)[5](https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm) • [9](http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0325-82382018000100011&script=sci_arttext) |\n| Zoological work | Catalogued 450 birds and 57 quadrupeds of Paraguay and the Río de la Plata[10](https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/gabinete/red/2023/11/p-60-65-red-410-azara.pdf) |\n| Major works | *Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los pájaros del Paraguay y río de La Plata* (Madrid, 1802–1805, 3 vols.); *Voyages dans l'Amérique Méridionale* (Paris, 1809, 4 vols.)[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) |\n\n## Origins and family\n\nAzara was born at Barbuñales in the Alto Aragón, the son of Alejandro de Azara and María de Perera.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) His brother Eustaquio was bishop of Barcelona; José Nicolás was a Spanish diplomat; and Mateo served on the Real Audiencia of Barcelona.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/)\n\nThe year of his birth is disputed: the Real Academia de la Historia, Fundación Azara, and a study in the Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi give a different year, while the Library of Congress, Encyclopedia.com, and Paraguay's national archive give 1746.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [7](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88627160.html) • [8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/) • [3](https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es) • [4](https://riobranco.archivonacional.gov.py/index.php/azara-felix-de-comisario-de-la-division-demarcadora;isaar?sf_culture=en)\n\n## Career\n\nAzara chose the military career, entering as a cadet in the Galicia infantry regiment in 1764.[11](https://c82.net/naturalists-library/memoirs/azara) • [12](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Don_Felix_de_Azara) In 1775 he took part in the Spanish expedition against Algiers, where he was gravely wounded and, by one account, left for dead on the beach during the landing.[8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/) • [13](https://biogeo.iesbinefar.es/eso/4eso/azara.pdf)\n\nThe long-running boundary dispute between Spain and Portugal had been closed by the [Treaty of San Ildefonso](https://www.edgepedia.org/treaty-of-san-ildefonso) of 1777, ratified the following year at El Pardo.[10](https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/gabinete/red/2023/11/p-60-65-red-410-azara.pdf) • [13](https://biogeo.iesbinefar.es/eso/4eso/azara.pdf) He worked alongside Diego de Alvear and [Francisco de Aguirre](https://www.edgepedia.org/francisco-de-aguirre) in the Expedición de América Meridional, whose task was to fix on the ground what the two crowns had agreed and to map jurisdictional limits that could serve as legal precedent in future disputes.[9](http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0325-82382018000100011&script=sci_arttext) • [14](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5839258.pdf) • [15](https://doi.org/10.17615/4s1g-bk95) What was planned as a short mission became a stay of twenty years.[2](https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/120124) • [5](https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm)\n\nHis scientific output grew directly out of the commission. Border corruption and the covert advances of the Portuguese frustrated his settlement efforts.[8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/)\n\nAccording to a Ministerio de Defensa profile, he finally returned to Spain in 1801 and devoted himself to publishing the natural history of the regions he had explored.[10](https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/gabinete/red/2023/11/p-60-65-red-410-azara.pdf) *Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los pájaros del Paraguay y río de La Plata* appeared in Madrid in three volumes between 1802 and 1805.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [16](https://www.larramendi.es/es/consulta_aut/registro.do?id=3203) His best-known work, published in French in Paris in 1809 as *Voyages dans l'Amérique Méridionale* in four volumes, was translated into German in 1810, Italian in 1817, and English in 1835; the first Spanish version, *Viajes por la América del sur*, appeared in [Montevideo](https://www.edgepedia.org/montevideo) only in 1846.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [5](https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm) His *Descripción e historia del Paraguay y del Río de la Plata* was published after his death by his nephew and heir.[6](https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/76275/1/Descripci%c3%b3n_e_historia_del_Paraguay_y_II.pdf) • [16](https://www.larramendi.es/es/consulta_aut/registro.do?id=3203)\n\n## Political influence\n\nIn 1805, with the war against France, he accepted a seat on the Junta de Fortificaciones y Defensa de las dos Américas, a board in which was chiefly centered the home government of the Spanish transatlantic possessions.[8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/) • [11](https://c82.net/naturalists-library/memoirs/azara) His observations and descriptions stood out for a rationalist, ordering, and quantitative outlook typical of the enlightened age.[9](http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0325-82382018000100011&script=sci_arttext) During the [Peninsular War](https://www.edgepedia.org/peninsular-war) his patriot stance caused Napoleonic troops to sack his property.[10](https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/gabinete/red/2023/11/p-60-65-red-410-azara.pdf)\n\n## Death and successors\n\nAzara died at Barbuñales in 1821.[1](https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera) • [8](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/) The ninth edition of the [Encyclopædia Britannica](https://www.edgepedia.org/encyclop-dia-britannica) gives his death as 1811, a date contradicted by every other source consulted.[12](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Don_Felix_de_Azara) His nephew and heir published his *Descripción e historia del Paraguay y del Río de la Plata*.[6](https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/76275/1/Descripci%c3%b3n_e_historia_del_Paraguay_y_II.pdf)\n\n## Historians' assessment\n\nAzara was a military engineer specialized in cartography, not a salaried naturalist of any scientific institution; his zoology was the work of an amateur in the original sense, done alongside a boundary commission.[3](https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es) Finding Buffon's accounts poor, confused, and inexact for the animals of the regions he traveled, he wrote, according to \"Félix de Azara, crítico de Buffon\", his thick volumes on the quadrupeds and birds of Paraguay as a correction.[3](https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es) He was also a fierce critic of the Jesuit missions.[5](https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm) A modern study in the Boletín Americanista argues that while Azara sought indigenous dispossession or disappearance in his frontier labors and works, his natural history treated indigenous peoples through a depoliticizing \"naturalization.\"[17](https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/BoletinAmericanista/article/view/33651)\n\n## Legacy\n\nA 1943 edition of the *Descripción e historia del Paraguay* is cataloged in the Biblioteca Virtual de Polígrafos.[16](https://www.larramendi.es/es/consulta_aut/registro.do?id=3203) His collaboration with José Artigas at Batoví ties him to the early institutional history of Uruguay.[2](https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/120124) • [18](https://fundacionazara.org.ar/img/libros/Felix-de-Azara-web.pdf)\n## References\n\n1. Félix de Azara y Perera, Historia Hispánica (RAH): https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/5443-felix-de-azara-y-perera\n2. PARES, Félix de Azara y Perera: https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/autoridad/120124\n3. Félix de Azara, crítico de Buffon, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/gbKSPQjZZkfv9fZLj4HSyKd/?format=pdf&lang=es\n4. AHRP (ex-Rio Branco), Azara, Félix de: https://riobranco.archivonacional.gov.py/index.php/azara-felix-de-comisario-de-la-division-demarcadora;isaar?sf_culture=en\n5. Biografía de Félix de Azara, Biografías y Vidas: https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/azara_felix.htm\n6. Descripción é historia del Paraguay y del Río de la Plata, vol. 2: https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/123456789/76275/1/Descripci%c3%b3n_e_historia_del_Paraguay_y_II.pdf\n7. Library of Congress authority record, Azara, Félix de, 1746-1821: https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88627160.html\n8. Félix de Azara, Fundación Azara: https://fundacionazara.org.ar/felix-de-azara-institucional/\n9. Descripción histórica, física, política y geográfica de la Provincia del Paraguay, Anuario del Instituto de Historia Argentina: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0325-82382018000100011&script=sci_arttext\n10. Retrato de Félix de Azara, Red (Ministerio de Defensa): https://www.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/gabinete/red/2023/11/p-60-65-red-410-azara.pdf\n11. Don Felix d'Azara, The Naturalist's Library: https://c82.net/naturalists-library/memoirs/azara\n12. Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition: Don Felix de Azara: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Don_Felix_de_Azara\n13. Félix de Azara, IES Binefar: https://biogeo.iesbinefar.es/eso/4eso/azara.pdf\n14. En los márgenes del Imperio Español y de la Historia natural (Dialnet): https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5839258.pdf\n15. Forging frontiers: Félix de Azara and the making of the Virreinato del Río de la Plata: https://doi.org/10.17615/4s1g-bk95\n16. Biblioteca Virtual de Polígrafos, Azara, Félix de: https://www.larramendi.es/es/consulta_aut/registro.do?id=3203\n17. Despolitización a través de la naturalización, Boletín Americanista: https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/BoletinAmericanista/article/view/33651\n18. Félix de Azara (Fundación Azara, libro): https://fundacionazara.org.ar/img/libros/Felix-de-Azara-web.pdf\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Other history › Latin America and the Caribbean › Spanish America under the Bourbons (1700 to 1808)*\n\n*Initially written Sep 24, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Félix de Azara\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Félix de Azara](https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara](https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Félix de Azara\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/felix-de-azara. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Félix de Azara was a Spanish military engineer and amateur naturalist who spent 20 years, from 1781 to 1801, on boundary commissions in Paraguay and the Río de la Plata." }