{ "id": "epsj6gqpf4", "slug": "first-constitutional-era", "title": "First Constitutional Era", "updated": "2026-09-30", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late", "label": "Later Ottoman Empire (1683 to 1922)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions", "label": "Reforms, laws, and institutions", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.society.history.other", "label": "Eastern Europe · 1800 to 1945: Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.society.history.other", "path": [ { "id": "geo.eeu", "label": "Eastern Europe", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800", "label": "Eastern Europe · 1800 to 1945", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.society" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.society.history.other" } ] }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 1800 to 1945: Reforms, laws, and institutions", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions", "path": [ { "id": "geo.mena", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 1800 to 1945", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late", "label": "Later Ottoman Empire (1683 to 1922)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions", "label": "Reforms, laws, and institutions", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1800.society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions" } ] } ], "excerpt": "The First Constitutional Era (مشروطه اول) was the Ottoman Empire's period of constitutional rule under the Kanun-i Esasi, from 1876 until Sultan Abdulhamid II prorogued parliament in 1878.", "snippet": "The First Constitutional Era (مشروطه اول) was the Ottoman Empire's period of constitutional rule under the Kanun-i Esasi, from 1876 until Sultan Abdulhamid II prorogued parliament in 1878.", "node": "society.history.other.middle-east.ottoman-late.reforms-laws-and-institutions", "markdown": "# First Constitutional Era\n\nThe First Constitutional Era (مشروطه اول) was the period of constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire that began with the promulgation of the Kanun-i Esasi, the empire's first constitution, on 23 December 1876 and ended when Sultan Abdulhamid II prorogued (suspended parliament without dissolving it) the Chamber of Deputies in February 1878.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) • [2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) It produced two short-lived parliaments, was interrupted by the Ottoman-Russian war of 1877–1878, and ended with a return to sultanic autocracy that lasted until the constitution was restored in 1908.[2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Constitution promulgated | 23 December 1876 (Kanun-i Esasi)[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) • [3](https://tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/yetmis-alti-kanuni-esasi) |\n| First parliament opened | 19 March 1877, Dolmabahche Palace[4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089) • [5](https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.94382) |\n| Second session | 13 December 1877 to 14 February 1878[4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089) • [2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) |\n| End of the era | Prorogation of the Chamber of Deputies, 13 or 14 February 1878[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) • [2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) |\n\n## Background and causes\n\nThe word meshrutiyyet, derived from the Arabic root for condition, entered Ottoman political literature in the second half of the nineteenth century to mean a sultanate-caliphate regime with a constitution and an assembly.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) The organized demand for such a regime came from the Young Ottomans; figures including Shinasi, Namik Kemal, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pasha, and Agah Efendi formed the first opposition to the sultan's absolute authority, and a study in the Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi holds that they argued for the first time in Ottoman history that personal freedom be tied to legal guarantees.[6](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77224) \n\nThe constitution was born in a crisis. According to *Social and Political Foundations of Constitutionalism in the Middle East: The First Constitutional Movements in Tunisia, Ottoman Turkey, Egypt, and Iran*, Abdulhamid II ascended the throne after promising a parliament and a constitution during a severe crisis in the Balkans; because of the Porte's unwillingness to accept a reform program for Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria, Russia declared war.[7](https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1103307) A special committee of 28 members, all appointed by the sultan and headed by [Midhat Pasha](https://www.edgepedia.org/midhat-pasha), drafted the Kanun-i Esasi,[7](https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1103307) • [3](https://tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/yetmis-alti-kanuni-esasi) drawing on the constitutions of various countries; with it the state moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy.[8](https://web.archive.org/web/20170609185723/https:/anayasa.tbmm.gov.tr/1876.aspx)\n\n## Course of events\n\n**Promulgation, 23 December 1876.** The Kanun-i Esasi was proclaimed on 23 December 1876.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) The constitution retained extensive sovereign powers for the sultan, including appointing and dismissing ministers, convening, proroguing, and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, and proclaiming a state of siege, while providing that affairs concerning the Sheri would be judged by tribunals of the Sheri.[9](https://iow.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2014/05/Brown-01-Ottoman-Constitution.pdf) • [14](https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2212668/2212668_djvu.txt) The parliament it created, the [Meclis-i Umumi](https://www.edgepedia.org/meclis-i-umumi), was bicameral: an elected Chamber of Deputies ([Meclis-i Mebusan](https://www.edgepedia.org/meclis-i-mebusan)) and a Senate (Meclis-i Ayan) whose members were appointed by the sultan.[7](https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1103307) • [4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089)\n\n**First elections and session, 1877.** Abdulhamid II opened the first Chamber of Deputies at Dolmabahche Palace on Monday 19 March 1877, after the ceremony was postponed because deputies from distant provinces had not yet arrived.[5](https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.94382) • [6](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77224) The first session ran from 19 March to 28 June 1877.[4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089) • [2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf)\n\n**War and the second session, 1877–1878.** The Ottoman-Russian war of 1877–1878 (the \"93 Harbi\") was fought on the Danube and Caucasus fronts while parliament sat.[10](https://ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ELTUT-N%C3%BCkhet-1877-1878-OSMANLI-RUS-SAVA%C5%9EI-VE-%C4%B0K%C4%B0-%C3%9CLKE-A%C3%87ISINDAN-SONU%C3%87LARI.pdf) • [6](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77224) A second parliament, chosen by the administrative councils, met on 13 December 1877.[2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) • [4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089)\n\n**Prorogation, February 1878.** The suspension of the Meclis-i Meb'usan is also dated to 13 February 1878.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True) Only the ten deputies who had been exiled from Istanbul protested the order as illegal and unconstitutional, and Yusuf Ziya of Jerusalem wrote two letters to the grand vizier asking him to enforce the constitution's provisions.[11](https://www.inlibra.com/document/download/pdf/uuid/3ec20aeb-1dcf-326b-bcb4-27746fa8c714)\n\n## Outcome and losses\n\nThe constitutional experiment ended with no force able to resist the sultan: the Young Ottomans were dispersed, Midhat Pasha had been exiled, the army was in no position to defend the constitution because of the war, and no strong reaction came from the Western states after the closure of the chamber.[6](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77224) Although parliament ceased to exist, the Senate legally continued, its members retaining the dignity of senator and continuing to be paid.[11](https://www.inlibra.com/document/download/pdf/uuid/3ec20aeb-1dcf-326b-bcb4-27746fa8c714)\n\n## Consequences and political influence\n\nAbdulhamid II governed without convening the assembly from 1878 to 1908.[7](https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1103307) During those three decades of autocratic rule, the struggle to restore the constitution against the sultan's resistance became central to the political life of the empire.[2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) When parliament was restored in 1908, the new regime implemented both the 1876 constitution, with revisions that curtailed the sultan's prerogatives, and the Electoral Law that had been deliberated in the first parliament.[2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf)\n\n## Historians' assessment\n\nAccording to one study of the First Constitutional Parliament, the constitution weighted power toward the sultan: the right to propose laws belonged to the ministers rather than the chamber, the government was not responsible to the chamber, and the chamber could not dismiss the government.[4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089) One scholarly thesis argues that the road to constitutional rule was driven by factional struggles within the high bureaucracy rather than by the social forces that demanded it, and that the resulting regime imposed no actual restriction on executive power. Parliament nevertheless had limited legislative authority and the constitutional right to examine and approve the state budget, though the Sultan's authority constrained its powers.[12](https://hdl.handle.net/11511/45799) Within its short life, however, the Parliament of 1877–1878 contested diverse issues vigorously, and the deputies' heavy use of the istizah (interpellation) provoked ministers who had previously answered only to the sultan, beginning the process that led to the chamber's dissolution.[2](https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf) • [4](https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089) A further problem identified in the literature was sustaining liberalism and parliamentarism in a multi-national empire, where greater political participation might split the political union.[13](https://www.ankahukuk.com/birinci-mesrutiyet-ve-kanun-i-esasi/) Although the era is generally accepted to have ended with the suspension of 13 February 1878, the continued regular publication of the Kanun-i Esasi in the state salnames raised questions about the legal nature of the regime in the decades that followed.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True)\n## References\n\n1. MEŞRUTİYET, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesrutiyet?simple=True\n2. Kayalı, Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1919, IJMES. https://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali%2C%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20%281995%29.pdf\n3. Kanun-ı Esasi, TBMM. https://tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/yetmis-alti-kanuni-esasi\n4. Birinci Meşrutiyet Parlamentosunda Parlamenter Denetim, DergiPark. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/258089\n5. İlk Osmanlı Seçimleri ve Parlamentosu, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.16917/sd.94382\n6. I. Meşrutiyetin İlânı ve İlk Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusan'ı, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/77224\n7. Social and Political Foundations of Constitutionalism in the Middle East, IJOKS. https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1103307\n8. TBMM Yeni Anayasa İnternet Sitesi, 1876 Kanun-ı Esasi (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20170609185723/https:/anayasa.tbmm.gov.tr/1876.aspx\n9. The Ottoman Constitution (23 December 1876), European University Institute. https://iow.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2014/05/Brown-01-Ottoman-Constitution.pdf\n10. 1877–1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı ve İki Ülke Açısından Sonuçları. https://ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ELTUT-N%C3%BCkhet-1877-1878-OSMANLI-RUS-SAVA%C5%9EI-VE-%C4%B0K%C4%B0-%C3%9CLKE-A%C3%87ISINDAN-SONU%C3%87LARI.pdf\n11. The Administrative and Judicial Status of the First Ottoman Parliament, Orient-Institut Istanbul. https://www.inlibra.com/document/download/pdf/uuid/3ec20aeb-1dcf-326b-bcb4-27746fa8c714\n12. Factional struggles and the first phase of Turkish constitutionalism (1867–1877), master's thesis. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/45799\n13. Birinci Meşrutiyet ve Kanun-i Esasi. https://www.ankahukuk.com/birinci-mesrutiyet-ve-kanun-i-esasi/\n14. 2212668 djvu.txt (archive.org). https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2212668/2212668_djvu.txt\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Other history › Middle East and North Africa › Later Ottoman Empire (1683 to 1922) › Reforms, laws, and institutions*\n\n*Initially written Sep 24, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 30, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"First Constitutional Era\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[First Constitutional Era](https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era](https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"First Constitutional Era\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/first-constitutional-era. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "The First Constitutional Era was the Ottoman Empire's period of constitutional rule under the Kanun-i Esasi, from 1876 until Sultan Abdulhamid II prorogued parliament in 1878." }