{ "id": "epy9e3rxsa", "slug": "george-e-vaillant", "title": "George E. 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Vaillant (born 1934) is an American psychiatrist and Harvard professor known for directing the Harvard Study of Adult Development and for his hierarchy of ego defense mechanisms.", "snippet": "George E. Vaillant (born 1934) is an American psychiatrist and Harvard professor known for directing the Harvard Study of Adult Development and for his hierarchy of ego defense mechanisms.", "node": "life.scientists.medicine-health.med-neuro", "markdown": "# George E. Vaillant\n\nGeorge Eman Vaillant (born June 16, 1934, in New York City) is an American psychiatrist known for three bodies of work: the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the longest prospective studies of human life ever run; an empirical hierarchy of ego defense mechanisms; and the natural history of alcoholism.[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139) A psychoanalyst and research psychiatrist, he is counted among the pioneers of the study of adult development, and his 1977 book *Adaptation to Life* is described as a classic text in that field.[2](https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/profile/george_vaillant) He is Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and at [Massachusetts General Hospital](https://www.edgepedia.org/massachusetts-general-hospital), with a departmental appointment at [Brigham and Women's Hospital](https://www.edgepedia.org/brigham-and-womens-hospital).[3](https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/1706) • [4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) According to the Laboratory of Adult Development at Brigham and Women's Hospital, his major books are *Adaptation to Life* (1977), *The Wisdom of the Ego* (1993), *The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited* (1995), *Aging Well* (2002), *Spiritual Evolution* (2008), and *Triumphs of Experience* (2012).[4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) • [5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) \n\n| Key facts | |\n|---|---|\n| Full name, birth | George Eman Vaillant, born June 16, 1934, New York City[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139) |\n| Field | Psychiatry, psychoanalysis, longitudinal study of adult development[2](https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/profile/george_vaillant) |\n| Signature work | Directed the Harvard Study of Adult Development (Grant Study), which he joined in 1966 and directed from 1972[5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) |\n| Study scale | 700+ men and women in three cohorts, prospectively followed for six to eight decades |[4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) • [1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139)\n| Major books | *Adaptation to Life* (1977); *The Natural History of Alcoholism* (1983, revised 1995); *Aging Well* (2002)[4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) • [6](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674603783) |\n| Defense hierarchy | Mature, neurotic, immature, and psychotic adaptive mechanisms, rated blind and correlated with later health[7](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674072152) • [8](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050003001) |\n| Training | Harvard College; Harvard Medical School; residency at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center; Boston Psychoanalytic Institute[4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) |\n| Succession | A new director took over the Harvard Study in 2003[9](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/02/decoding-keys-to-a-healthy-life/) |\n\n## Education and career\n\nVaillant is a graduate of [Harvard College](https://www.edgepedia.org/harvard-college) and Harvard Medical School. According to Elovitz's 2008 interview in *Clio's Psyche*, he trained as a resident in psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center from 1960 to 1963, and completed a decade of clinical training at the Boston Psychoanalytic Institute between 1966 and 1976. \n\nHis academic appointments ran in sequence: Assistant and then Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Tufts University Medical School (1966 to 1971); Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School (1971 to 1976); full professor at Harvard (1976 to 1983, and again from 1993); and the Sobel Professorship of Psychiatry at Dartmouth (1983 to 1992).[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139) He has also been Professor of Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital and in the Department of Psychiatry at Brigham and Women's Hospital.[3](https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/1706) • [4](https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html) His longitudinal research was sustained by National Institutes of Health funding, including R01MH042248, \"Life Course, Mental Health and Later Development,\" on which he was Principal Investigator from April 1987 to January 2009, and the K05 award \"Longitudinal Studies of Psychopathology\" from 1984 to 1998.[3](https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/1706) He was a Fellow at Stanford's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1978 and 1979.[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139)\n\n## The Harvard Study of Adult Development\n\nThe study's oldest cohort, the Grant Study, recruited over 200 of Harvard's healthiest undergraduates between 1939 and 1942.[7](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674072152) Over 75 years the project, named for the [W. T. Grant](https://www.edgepedia.org/w-t-grant) foundation that underwrote much of the research, generated 11 books and 176 papers.[5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) According to a 2005 *Addiction* interview, Vaillant joined the study at age 32 in 1966, initially hoping to examine Harvard's 1940-era schizophrenic students at their 25th reunion; he found that Harvard student health had kept no psychiatric service records from 1941, and turned instead to the healthy cohort.[5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) • [10](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00999.x) \n\nUnder Vaillant the study grew from one privileged cohort into three: more than 200 Harvard graduates born about 1920; over 400 disadvantaged Inner City men born about 1930, drawn from the Glueck Study of Juvenile Delinquency begun in 1940; and more than 70 middle-class intellectually gifted women born about 1910, from Stanford's Terman Study, each group followed for six to eight decades, more than 700 people in all.[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139) • [5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) He directed the study's research from 1972; sources differ on when his directorship ended, with the Harvard Gazette reporting that a new director took over in 2003 when Vaillant stepped down from day-to-day management, a history-of-science review giving 2004, and a published interview giving 2007.[9](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/02/decoding-keys-to-a-healthy-life/) • [5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635) • [1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139)\n\n## Defense mechanisms and Adaptation to Life\n\nVaillant's central methodological contribution was to make Freudian defenses measurable. In *Adaptation to Life* he rated adaptive mechanisms as mature, neurotic, immature, or psychotic.[7](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674072152) In a 1976 *Archives of General Psychiatry* paper, 95 college men selected for health were prospectively followed for 30 years, and their adaptive styles were labeled by the ego mechanisms of defense their behavior reflected.[8](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050003001) A blind-rated scale of defense maturity correlated with objective psychopathology (r = −.35) and with objective adaptation to the external environment (r = .65), and defensive style shifted significantly as individuals matured.[8](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050003001)\n\n## The Natural History of Alcoholism\n\n*The Natural History of Alcoholism*, first published in 1983, was acclaimed in the press as the most important contribution to the alcoholism literature since the first edition of [Alcoholics Anonymous](https://www.edgepedia.org/alcoholics-anonymous)'s Big Book.[6](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674603783) According to *The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited*, it rested on more than 600 individuals followed for over forty years, drawn from an upper-middle-class college group and an inner-city group, plus eight years of treatment outcomes for about 80 men and women at a [Cambridge, Massachusetts](https://www.edgepedia.org/cambridge-massachusetts) clinic Vaillant co-directed; the 1995 revision followed subjects previously studied to age 50 to age 65 and beyond.[6](https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674603783) • [11](https://peele.net/lib/vaillant.html) \n\nThe findings were sobering. In a 2003 *Addiction* 60-year follow-up, by age 70, about 45 percent of the 72 successfully followed alcohol-dependent core city men had died, about 25 percent were abstinent, about 1 percent were controlled drinkers, and about 10 percent still abused alcohol; among the 19 college men, about 45 percent had died, about 17 percent were abstinent, about 8 percent were controlled drinkers, and about 8 percent still abused alcohol.[12](https://awmueller.com/textos_pdf/saude_vaillant_addiction_2003.pdf) In both samples, prior alcohol dependence and attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous were the two best predictors of sustained abstinence.[12](https://awmueller.com/textos_pdf/saude_vaillant_addiction_2003.pdf) Within the Grant Study, 57 percent of all divorces involved alcoholism, and Vaillant regarded the study's most important findings as the negative effects of alcohol and the evidence that programs like Alcoholics Anonymous work better than other interventions.[9](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/02/decoding-keys-to-a-healthy-life/)\n\nThe book drew a sustained critique from a controlled-drinking proponent, who charged that Vaillant \"systematically created summaries that disputed his own data, while citing cases selectively,\" and wrote in a 1983 New York Times review that \"The results of this research do not provide ready support for the disease theory of alcoholism.\"[11](https://peele.net/lib/vaillant.html) • [13](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/addiction-in-society/201105/the-enigma-dr-vaillant-george-and-me) Vaillant himself acknowledged that his two cohorts of white American males born between 1917 and 1932 were small and hardly representative, so that the conclusions were suggestive and might not apply to other populations.[12](https://awmueller.com/textos_pdf/saude_vaillant_addiction_2003.pdf)\n\n## Successful aging and later work\n\nA 1990 *American Journal of Psychiatry* paper reported a 45-year prospective study of 173 men followed from ages 18 to 65, testing predictors gathered before age 50 against physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction at 65. Extent of tranquilizer use before age 50 was the most powerful negative predictor of both mental and physical health at 65; maturity of defenses before 50 was an important predictor of mental health; and, paradoxically, a warm childhood environment independently predicted physical, not mental, health.[14](https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.1.31) The line of work is summarized in *Aging Well* (2002) and *Triumphs of Experience* (2012), the latter reporting the Grant Study's finding that what goes right in childhood predicts the future far better than what goes wrong.[5](https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635)\n\nEarlier, his 1966 *New England Journal of Medicine* twelve-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts reported that heroin addicts recovered, a claim readers at first refused to believe.[10](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00999.x)\n\n## Honors and recognition\n\nVaillant served on the [American Psychiatric Association](https://www.edgepedia.org/american-psychiatric-association) work group to revise DSM III from 1983 to 1987. His honors include the APA's Distinguished Psychiatrist Lecture (1980), the American Medical Society on Alcoholism Award (1983), and the APA's Samuel G. Hibbs Award (1986).[1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139) His research on alcohol abuse earned him the status of a \"Class A trustee\" for Alcoholics Anonymous, and [Dartmouth College](https://www.edgepedia.org/dartmouth-college) conferred an honorary master's degree on him in 1983.[15](https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/03/the-vaillant-path-html) • [1](https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139)\n\n## Representative work\n\nHis 1990 *American Journal of Psychiatry* paper, \"Natural history of male psychological health, XII: a 45-year study of predictors of successful aging at age 65\" ([doi:10.1176/ajp.147.1.31](https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.1.31)), showed that conditions measured before age 50, including tranquilizer use and maturity of defenses, predicted physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction at 65 in 173 men followed since age 18.[14](https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.1.31)\n\n## References\n\n1. Elovitz, P. H. (2008). George Vaillant: The pleasure of aging well [Interview]. Clio's Psyche, 14(4), 133-139. https://cliospsyche.org/articles/elovitz-p-h-2008-george-vaillant-the-pleasure-of-aging-well-interview-clios-psyche-144-133-139\n2. George E. Vaillant | Profile | Greater Good, UC Berkeley. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/profile/george_vaillant\n3. George Vaillant | Harvard Catalyst Profiles. https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/1706\n4. Laboratory of Adult Development, Brigham and Women's Hospital (archived). https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044221/http:/adultdev.bwh.harvard.edu/vaillant.html\n5. Review of Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21635\n6. The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited, Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674603783\n7. Adaptation to Life, Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674072152\n8. Natural History of Male Psychological Health, Archives of General Psychiatry (1976). https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050003001\n9. Decoding keys to a healthy life, Harvard Gazette (2012). https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/02/decoding-keys-to-a-healthy-life/\n10. Conversation with George Vaillant, Addiction (2005). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00999.x\n11. Peele, S. Disease or Defense? Review of The Natural History of Alcoholism. https://peele.net/lib/vaillant.html\n12. A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men, Addiction (2003). https://awmueller.com/textos_pdf/saude_vaillant_addiction_2003.pdf\n13. The Enigma of Dr. Vaillant, Psychology Today (2011). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/addiction-in-society/201105/the-enigma-dr-vaillant-george-and-me\n14. Natural history of male psychological health, XII, American Journal of Psychiatry (1990). https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.1.31\n15. The Vaillant Path, Harvard Magazine (2001). https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/03/the-vaillant-path-html\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Life and health › Life and health scientists › Medical and health researchers › Researchers in clinical neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry research*\n\n*Initially written Sep 21, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 25, 2026; Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 25, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/george-e-vaillant", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/george-e-vaillant.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. 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