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 "excerpt": "Gerard Meijer (born 1962) is a Dutch atomic and molecular physicist at the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin, known for Stark deceleration and electrostatic trapping of cold molecules.",
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 "markdown": "# Gerard Meijer\n\n**Gerard Meijer** (Gerardus Johannes Maria Meijer; born 1962) is a Dutch atomic, molecular, and optical physicist, director of the Department of Molecular Physics at the Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin. According to *Experiments with Stark decelerated and trapped OH radicals* (van de Meerakker & Meijer), he is known for Stark deceleration, a technique that slows beams of neutral polar molecules to any chosen velocity, and for the first electrostatic trapping of such molecules at millikelvin temperatures.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> \n\n| Key facts | |\n|---|---|\n| Born | 1962, Dutch nationality<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> |\n| Field | Atomic, molecular, and optical physics; cold molecules<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> |\n| Signature work | \"Electrostatic trapping of ammonia molecules\", Nature, 2000<sup>[2](https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10952305)</sup> |\n| Training | PhD in physics, University of Nijmegen, 1988; advisor Antoni Dymanus (co-advisor P. Andresen)<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[3](https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=308469)</sup> |\n| Principal roles | Director at the Fritz-Haber-Institut 2002–2012 and since 2017; President of the Executive Board of Radboud University 2012–2016<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> |\n| Named prizes | Bourke Award 2009; Van't Hoff Prize 2012; MOLEC Senior Prize 2024<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup> |\n| Recent publication | \"Controlling Isomer Population Using a Dual-Oscillator Infrared Free-Electron Laser\", Physical Review Letters, 1 July 2026<sup>[5](https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/2hy7-w3qb)</sup> |\n\n## Career\n\nMeijer studied physics at the Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, renamed Radboud University in 2004, in the atomic and molecular physics department headed by Antoni Dymanus.<sup>[6](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_20)</sup> He received his PhD there in October 1988 with the dissertation *Structure and dynamics of small molecules studied by UV laser spectroscopy*, on UV spectroscopy of gas-phase molecules and combustion diagnostics; his thesis advisors were A. Dymanus and P. Andresen, with part of the research done at the Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research in [Göttingen](https://www.edgepedia.org/gottingen).<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[3](https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=308469)</sup>\n\nFrom 1989 to 1990 he was a postdoc at the IBM Almaden Research Center in [San Jose, California](https://www.edgepedia.org/san-jose-california), working on laser desorption mass spectrometry, optical spectroscopy, and fullerene research; there he took part in recording the first Raman and infrared spectra of C60 and C70.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> He then held a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) at the Free University of Amsterdam from 1991 to 1992 and a lectureship at Nijmegen from 1992 to 1994.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> He became professor of experimental physics at Nijmegen in 1995, and in 2000 director of the FOM-Institute for Plasmaphysics in Nieuwegein.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[7](https://fhrc.huji.ac.il/people/gerard-meijer)</sup>\n\nIn 2002 he moved to the Department of Molecular Physics of the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin as director and scientific member of the [Max Planck Society](https://www.edgepedia.org/max-planck-society), a start date given by his own CV.<sup>[8](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/2042453/Physical_Chemistry_Awards/)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[7](https://fhrc.huji.ac.il/people/gerard-meijer)</sup> He became professor of physics at the Freie Universität Berlin in 2004.<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup> From 2012 to 2016 he was president of the executive board of [Radboud University Nijmegen](https://www.edgepedia.org/radboud-university-nijmegen), and since 2017 he has again been director at the Fritz-Haber-Institut.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup>\n\n## Representative work\n\nElectrostatic trapping of ammonia molecules (Nature, 2000) reported the first trapping of neutral polar molecules in an electrostatic trap. An adiabatically cooled beam of deuterated ammonia (ND3) was slowed by time-varying inhomogeneous electric fields and loaded into the trap, holding state-selected molecules at a density of \\(10^{6}\\,\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}\\) in a volume of 0.25 cm^3 at temperatures below 0.35 K.<sup>[2](https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10952305)</sup> The paper noted that earlier molecular trapping had depended on paramagnetism, as with magnetically trapped calcium hydride, or on associating laser-coolable atoms, as with optically trapped caesium dimers, which restricted the range of species; electrostatic trapping of polar molecules opened a wide range of ultra-cold molecular systems to study.<sup>[2](https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10952305)</sup>\n\n## Stark deceleration and cold molecules\n\nA Stark decelerator is the equivalent of a linear accelerator (LINAC) for charged particles, applied to neutral polar molecules. Low-field-seeking states are attracted toward low electric field regions, and repeated switching of inhomogeneous fields removes kinetic energy in steps, so the beam velocity can be reduced to any arbitrary value.<sup>[9](https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_737327_3/component/file_737326/content)</sup> In a follow-up study, supersonic beams of 14NH3, 14ND3, and 15ND3 were decelerated with 64 pulsed fields and loaded into an electrostatic quadrupole trap, reaching densities on the order of \\(10^{7}\\ \\mathrm{molecules/cm^{3}}\\) at 25 mK.<sup>[10](https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3451173_1/component/file_3451426/content)</sup>\n\nThe same decelerator that had been used in CO experiments brought ground-state ND3 molecules to a standstill for the 2000 trapping experiment. Stark deceleration has since been demonstrated for CO, ND3, NH3, OH, OD, H2CO, NH, and SO2, of which ND3, OH, and OD have been trapped; according to van de Meerakker and Meijer, the group also built a buncher that produced a beam with a longitudinal temperature of about 200 μK, a prototype storage ring, and a molecular synchrotron for neutral molecules.<sup>[9](https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_737327_3/component/file_737326/content)</sup> \n\nIn \"A prototype storage ring for neutral molecules\" (Nature, 2001), packages of ammonia molecules traveling at about 100 m/s were observed for up to six round trips. A 2004 [Physical Review A](https://www.edgepedia.org/physical-review-a) study injected a decelerated beam into an electrostatic storage ring with a tangential velocity spread below 1 m/s and observed the package for more than 50 distinct round trips, corresponding to 40 m of circular orbit and almost 0.5 s of storage time.<sup>[9](https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_737327_3/component/file_737326/content)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[11](https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.69.063406)</sup> In \"Near-threshold inelastic collisions using molecular beams with a tunable velocity\" (Science, 2006), a Stark-decelerated beam let collision energies be tuned continuously, allowing inelastic collisions to be studied at energies just above threshold.<sup>[12](https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1031)</sup>\n\nWith an ERC Advanced Grant he explored miniaturizing electric field structures to create a molecular physics laboratory on a chip.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup>\n\n## Honors and roles\n\nMeijer received an IBM Outstanding Innovation Award in 1989 and the NWO-PIONIER award in 1994.<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup> The Royal Society of Chemistry awarded him its Bourke Award in 2009 for original research on the formation and spectroscopy of ultra-cold molecules.<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup> According to a 2012 report in *ChemistryViews*, the Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft split its Van't Hoff Prize, worth a silver medal, a certificate, and €20,000, equally between Meijer and Frédéric Merkt of ETH Zurich, citing Meijer's contributions to the manipulation of dipolar molecules through the [Stark effect](https://www.edgepedia.org/stark-effect), especially deceleration for producing ultracold molecular species.<sup>[8](https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/2042453/Physical_Chemistry_Awards/)</sup> \n\nHe became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004, a member of Academia Europaea in 2013, and a Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2017, and holds honorary doctorates from the [Hebrew University of Jerusalem](https://www.edgepedia.org/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem) and the [University of Waterloo](https://www.edgepedia.org/university-of-waterloo).<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup> In 2017 he became acting speaker of the DEAL consortium, from 2018 to 2024 a member of the Wissenschaftsrat (German Council of Science and [Humanities](https://www.edgepedia.org/humanities)), and in 2023 a member of the University Council of Ruhr-Universität Bochum; in 2020 he became chief editor for physics of the journal *Natural Sciences*.<sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup>\n\n## Recent developments\n\nIn 2024 he received the MOLEC Senior Prize, awarded at Aarhus University, Denmark.<sup>[4](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships)</sup> His group continues to publish. In 2024 it reported infrared spectroscopy in helium droplets of the proton-bound dimer of dihydrogen phosphate and formate, published in J. Phys. Chem. A.<sup>[13](https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2603.26473)</sup> In 2025 \"Magneto-Optical Trapping of Aluminum Monofluoride\" appeared in [Physical Review Letters](https://www.edgepedia.org/physical-review-letters) 135, 243401.<sup>[14](https://inspirehep.net/authors/1056852)</sup> On 1 July 2026, Physical Review Letters published the group's control and characterization of the isomer population of ions inside superfluid helium nanodroplets using two-color operation of a dual-oscillator infrared free-electron laser (PRL 137, 013001); the FHI infrared free-electron laser had earlier reached two-color operation, which the institute describes as a worldwide first.<sup>[5](https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/2hy7-w3qb)</sup><sup> • </sup><sup>[1](https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV)</sup>\n\n## References\n\n1. Professor Dr. Gerard Meijer – CV, Fritz Haber Institute. https://www.fhi.mpg.de/217524/CV\n2. Electrostatic trapping of ammonia molecules, Nature 406, 491–494 (2000). https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10952305\n3. Gerard Meijer, The Mathematics Genealogy Project. https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=308469\n4. Memberships, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society. https://www.fhi.mpg.de/219131/Memberships\n5. Controlling Isomer Population Using a Dual-Oscillator Infrared Free-Electron Laser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 013001 (2026). https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/2hy7-w3qb\n6. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams: The Development of the Stark-Decelerator, Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_20\n7. Gerard Meijer, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University. https://fhrc.huji.ac.il/people/gerard-meijer\n8. Physical Chemistry Awards, Chemistry Europe. https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/2042453/Physical_Chemistry_Awards/\n9. Experiments with Stark decelerated and trapped OH radicals (review). https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_737327_3/component/file_737326/content\n10. Deceleration and trapping of ammonia using time-varying electric fields, Phys. Rev. A 65, 053416 (2002). https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3451173_1/component/file_3451426/content\n11. Dynamics of neutral molecules stored in a ring, Phys. Rev. A 69, 063406 (2004). https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.69.063406\n12. Taming molecular beams, Nature Physics. https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1031\n13. arXiv preprint 2603.26473. https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2603.26473\n14. Gerard Meijer, INSPIRE-HEP author record. https://inspirehep.net/authors/1056852\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Physical world and mathematics › Physical and mathematical scientists › Physicists and astronomers › Researchers in atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information › Atomic and molecular physics (AMO spectroscopy and precision measurement)*\n\n*Initially written Sep 21, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 25, 2026; Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 25, 2026; Sep 30, 2026; Oct 12, 2026; Oct 15, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n",
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