{ "id": "epr52xgj52", "slug": "itakh", "title": "Itakh", "updated": "2026-09-30", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early", "label": "Early Abbasid period (750 to 945)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts", "label": "Military commanders and revolts", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 500 BC to AD 999: Military commanders and revolts", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts", "path": [ { "id": "geo.mena", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 500 BC to AD 999", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early", "label": "Early Abbasid period (750 to 945)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts", "label": "Military commanders and revolts", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t500.society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Itakh (إيتاخ) was a Khazar Turk military slave who rose to command the Abbasid armies and dominate the Samarra court, until his arrest and death in prison in 849.", "snippet": "Itakh (إيتاخ) was a Khazar Turk military slave who rose to command the Abbasid armies and dominate the Samarra court, until his arrest and death in prison in 849.", "node": "society.history.other.middle-east.abbasid-early.military-commanders-and-revolts", "markdown": "# Itakh\n\nItakh (إيتاخ) was a Khazar Turk military slave who rose to command the Abbasid caliphal armies and dominate the court of Samarra under the caliphs al-Mu'tasim, al-Wathiq, and al-Mutawakkil, before being arrested in AH 234 (848–849) and dying of thirst in prison on 5 Jumada al-Akhira 235 (25 December 849).[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) At the height of his power he combined the chamberlainship (hajib), command of the caliphal guard, intendance of the palace, and direction of the postal and intelligence service (barid), along with a string of governorships.[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Origin | Khazar Turk; slave (ghulam) of Salam al-Abrash, bought by the future caliph al-Mu'tasim in AH 199 (814–815)[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) |\n| First recorded post | Commanding forces sent to help Afshin against Babak[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n| Peak offices | Commander-in-chief, hajib, head of the barid, intendant of the palace, governor of Egypt[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n| Role in succession | Major role in al-Mutawakkil's accession in 847[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n| Fall | Arrested on return from the pilgrimage in AH 234 (848–849) by Ishaq ibn Ibrahim[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n| Death | Thirst in prison, 5 Jumada al-Akhira 235 (25 December 849)[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n| Property confiscated | More than one million dinars, seized by al-Mutawakkil[3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) |\n\n## Origins and family\n\nItakh was of Khazar origin. The TDV Islam Ansiklopedisi notes that his name appears in the Arabic sources as Itakh, but that the correct form is Inak, a Turkish title.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) He served in the kitchen of Salam ibn Abrash (al-Abrash), the hajib of Caliph al-Mahdi, and al-Mu'tasim bought him from Salam in AH 199 before his own accession, manumitting him in the same year.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572) The TDV adds that he was probably captured in the wars against the Khazars under Caliph al-Mansur (754–775) and converted to Islam after being brought to Islamic lands.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) His sons Mansur and Muzaffar, and his secretaries Sulayman ibn Wahb and Qudama ibn Ziyad al-Nasrani, were arrested with him in 234.[3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) • [5](https://www.aldawlanews.com/1051211)\n\n## Career\n\nHis first known post was commanding forces sent to help Afshin, the commander campaigning against Babak.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) In the Amorium campaign against [Byzantium](https://www.edgepedia.org/byzantium) he commanded the right wing according to the TDV, while the Great Islamic Encyclopedia has him commanding the [Maghariba](https://www.edgepedia.org/maghariba) and Turkish troops in the battle between al-Mu'tasim and Emperor Theophilos; both sources give him a major role in the capture of the city.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169)\n\nIn AH 225 (840) he was appointed governor of Yemen but sent a deputy instead of going himself.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) He suppressed a revolt in Mosul, capturing and killing its leader; the TDV dates this to 225 (840) and the Great Islamic Encyclopedia to AH 224 (839).[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) His last post under al-Mu'tasim was responsibility for security in Samarra, shared with Ishaq ibn Ibrahim.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572)\n\nUnder al-Wathiq (842–847), after the death of [Ashinas](https://www.edgepedia.org/ashinas), Itakh became commander-in-chief of the caliphal armies and received the governorship of Egypt, governing through deputies; the TDV dates the Egyptian appointment to AH 230, while the Encyclopaedia of Islam places it in 233/847.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) The Great Islamic Encyclopedia adds appointment as amir of Khurasan, Sind, and the Tigris districts under al-Wathiq.[3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) In 233/847 he seized and put to torture the vizier [Ibn al-Zayyat](https://www.edgepedia.org/ibn-al-zayyat).[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml)\n\nAfter al-Wathiq's death in AH 232 (846–847), al-Mutawakkil came to the caliphate with the support of the Turkish commanders, Itakh among them, and Itakh played a major role in the new caliph's accession and in the removal of the Mu'tazilite leaders.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169)\n\n## Political influence\n\nItakh's career shows the dominance of the Turkish military elite over the Abbasid caliphs in this period, the milieu described in the published edition of al-Tabari's history covering these reigns.[6](https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-History-of-al-abari-Vol.-342) At the opening of al-Wathiq's caliphate he and Ashinas were called the \"mainstay of the caliphate\".[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) Under al-Mutawakkil he held the army, the Maghariba and Turks, the mawali, the barid, the chamberlainship, and the administration of the dar al-khilafa, and later added the amirates of Egypt, Kufa, the Hijaz, Tihama, Mecca, and Medina.[4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) Executions and imprisonments ordered by al-Mu'tasim and al-Wathiq were carried out at his hands, and some historians called him \"the sword of vengeance of the caliphs\".[3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) • [4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572) His concentration of offices ended as abruptly as it had risen: in AH 234 (848–849) al-Mutawakkil removed him from Samarra under the pretext of appointing him amir of the pilgrimage, and while Itakh was away the chamberlainship passed to Wasif.[3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) • [4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572)\n\n## Military style\n\nItakh commanded in the field with forces characteristic of the ninth-century Abbasid army. His first command escorted auxiliary troops to a fellow general, and at Amorium he led the right wing and the Maghariba and Turkish contingents of al-Mu'tasim's army.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [3](https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169) His other recorded operations were internal-security missions: suppressing the Mosul revolt and supervising the imprisonment of Afshin.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki)\n\n## Death and successors\n\nOn his return from the pilgrimage, Ishaq ibn Ibrahim seized Itakh together with his sons Muzaffar and Mansur and his secretaries, and imprisoned them.[2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml) • [5](https://www.aldawlanews.com/1051211) [Al-Tabari](https://www.edgepedia.org/al-tabari) records that his allotted prison ration was a loaf of bread and a cup of water, with orders given concerning his sons.[7](https://read.shamela.ws/book/9783/5177) He died of thirst on the night of Wednesday, 5 Jumada al-Akhira 235 (25 December 849), having eaten heavily after severe hunger and then been denied water; the TDV notes that some reports place his death in 233 or 234 instead.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [5](https://www.aldawlanews.com/1051211) Al-Mutawakkil confiscated more than one million dinars of his property, dismissed the men who had governed cities on his behalf, and kept his sons in prison until al-Muntasir's accession in 861.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [5](https://www.aldawlanews.com/1051211)\n\n## Historians' assessment\n\nAccording to the editor of the graded edition of al-Tabari's history, the detailed story of the pilgrimage and the caliph's plot against Itakh is transmitted by al-Tabari alone, without isnad, and most of its details are unsound, with only the basic fact of the pilgrimage confirmed by al-Busawi; the TDV and Great Islamic Encyclopedia, by contrast, narrate the episode as the standard account of his fall.[4](https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572) • [1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) The two reference works also differ on the date of his Egyptian governorship, 230/844 in the TDV against 233/847 in the Encyclopaedia of Islam.[1](https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki) • [2](https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml)\n\n## Legacy\n\nItakh's destruction did not end Turkish power at court. Citing al-Mas'udi, a study of al-Mutawakkil's reign reports that the Turks sought revenge against the caliph for killing Itakh and confiscating his wealth and livestock, and killed him in Samarra.[8](https://kurdishstudies.net/menu-script/index.php/KS/article/download/1628/1179) An academic study indexed by Dar al-Mandumah treats his political and military role across the whole period AH 218–247 (833–861).[9](https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1693192/Description)\n\n## References\n\n1. İnak et-Türkî, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/inak-et-turki\n2. Aytākh al-Turkī, Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill), https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/SIM-8373.xml\n3. ايتاخ, دانشنامه بزرگ اسلامی, ج 10, https://lib.eshia.ir/23022/10/4169\n4. صحيح وضعيف تاريخ الطبري, ج 12, https://shamela.ws/book/145435/5572\n5. بداية ونهاية الأمير إيتاخ في زمن الخليفة المتوكل, الدولة, https://www.aldawlanews.com/1051211\n6. The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 34, SUNY Press, https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-History-of-al-abari-Vol.-342\n7. تاريخ الطبري, ج 9, المكتبة الشاملة, https://read.shamela.ws/book/9783/5177\n8. Arbitrary Practices Towards Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, Kurdish Studies, https://kurdishstudies.net/menu-script/index.php/KS/article/download/1628/1179\n9. القائد التركي أيتاخ ودوره السياسي والعسكري, Dar al-Mandumah, https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1693192/Description\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Other history › Middle East and North Africa › Early Abbasid period (750 to 945) › Military commanders and revolts*\n\n*Initially written Sep 23, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 30, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Itakh\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Itakh](https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh](https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Itakh\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/itakh. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Itakh was a Khazar Turk military slave who rose to command the Abbasid armies and dominate the Samarra court, until his arrest and death in prison in 849." }