{ "id": "ep3q5d40hh", "slug": "majma-al-tawarikh", "title": "Majma al-tawarikh", "updated": "2026-10-15", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid", "label": "Mongol, Ilkhanid, and Timurid period (1219 to 1508)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid" }, { "id": "society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists", "label": "Scholars, poets, and artists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 1000 to 1799: Scholars, poets, and artists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists", "path": [ { "id": "geo.mena", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000", "label": "Middle East and North Africa · 1000 to 1799", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east", "label": "Middle East and North Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid", "label": "Mongol, Ilkhanid, and Timurid period (1219 to 1508)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid" }, { "id": "geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists", "label": "Scholars, poets, and artists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.mena.t1000.society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Majma al-tawarikh (مجمع‌التواریخ, \"Assembly of chronicles\") is a Persian universal history written by the Timurid court historian Hafiz-i Abru at the command of Shahrukh, composed around 1425.", "snippet": "Majma al-tawarikh (مجمع‌التواریخ, \"Assembly of chronicles\") is a Persian universal history written by the Timurid court historian Hafiz-i Abru at the command of Shahrukh, composed around 1425.", "node": "society.history.other.middle-east.mongol-timurid.scholars-poets-and-artists", "markdown": "# Majma al-tawarikh\n\n**Majma al-tawarikh** (مجمع‌التواریخ; \"Assembly of chronicles\") is a Persian universal history written by the Timurid court historian [Hafiz-i Abru](https://www.edgepedia.org/hafiz-i-abru) (Abdallah b. Lutfallah b. [Abd al-Rashid](https://www.edgepedia.org/abd-al-rashid)) at the command of the Timurid ruler Shahrukh, composed in the 9th century AH.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) • [3](https://art.thewalters.org/object/W.676/) Auction catalog descriptions of the illustrated copies place the writing between 1423 and 1427.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Author | Abdallah b. Lutfallah b. Abd al-Rashid, known as Hafiz-i Abru[4](https://jrll.atu.ac.ir/article_18919.html?lang=en) |\n| Patron | Shahrukh b. Timur (r. 1405–1447), who commissioned the work[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) |\n| Date of composition | AH 828–830 (1424–1425 to 1426–1427) per one account; 1423–1427 per catalogs of the copies[4](https://jrll.atu.ac.ir/article_18919.html?lang=en) • [1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) |\n| Structure | Four parts: a history of the world up to the Arab conquest; a history of the Caliphate until 1258; a history of Persia during the Seljuk and Mongol periods; and the Zubdat al-Tawarikh on Timur and Shahrukh until 1427[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) |\n| Principal manuscript | Topkapi Palace Library, Hazine 1653, 435 folios, partly in Hafiz-i Abru's own hand[5](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210862.2018.1428085) • [6](https://jll.uk.ac.ir/article_3716_4da270aaaa19a7a03e9b1b8aa4004acb.pdf?lang=en) • [7](https://www.magiran.com/keyword/1015/jami-al-tawarikh) |\n| Purpose | A dynastic project to confirm and enhance Shahrukh's legitimacy to rule[2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) • [1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) |\n\n## Origin: author, patron, and date\n\nThe author was Abdallah b. Lutfallah b. Abd al-Rashid, known as Hafiz-i Abru.[4](https://jrll.atu.ac.ir/article_18919.html?lang=en) Other references give his death as 1430.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [7](https://www.magiran.com/keyword/1015/jami-al-tawarikh)\n\nShahrukh commissioned the work.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) The Majma was produced in the Timurid kitabkhana of Herat.[2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) • [8](https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1931.452.b)\n\n## Contents\n\nThe work consists of four parts:[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n\n1. A history of the world up to the Arab conquest.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n2. A history of the [Caliphate](https://www.edgepedia.org/caliphate) until 1258.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n3. A history of Persia during the Seljuk and Mongol periods.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n4. A final part called the Zubdat al-Tawarikh, which chronicles the lives of Timur and Shahrukh until 1427.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1)\n\n## Transmission and the manuscripts\n\nThe Majma is closely tied to the transmission of Rashid al-Din's Jami al-tawarikh, the universal history composed at Tabriz in the early 14th century.[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/) A century after the Jami copies were transcribed at the Rab-i Rashidi scriptorium, they were in Shahrukh's possession, and because they were incomplete he ordered Hafiz-i Abru to complete the Persian copies.[10](https://mth.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1529-en.html) • [5](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210862.2018.1428085) Hafiz-i Abru removed the pre-Islamic history section of the Jami and replaced it with his own materials.[6](https://jll.uk.ac.ir/article_3716_4da270aaaa19a7a03e9b1b8aa4004acb.pdf?lang=en) • [7](https://www.magiran.com/keyword/1015/jami-al-tawarikh)\n\nTwo illustrated copies of the 15th century are known: the Topkapi copy dated AH 829 (1425–1426), Hazine 1653, and a dispersed manuscript formerly in the collection of Emile Tabbagh and Parish Watson, copied and illustrated around AH 829 (1425).[1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) • [3](https://art.thewalters.org/object/W.676/)\n\n## Political influence\n\nThe commission served Shahrukh's dynastic politics. The work emerges as a dynastic project to confirm and enhance Shahrukh's legitimacy to rule.[2](https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1) • [1](https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/) The compilation reflects the fact that the universalist vision of the Il-khans Ghazan and Oljeitu was shared by Shahrukh, although Rashid al-Din's work on the peoples of the world was merely reproduced in it, not updated.[9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/) In the manuscripts Hafiz-i Abru completed there is a certain emphasis on [Abu Bakr](https://www.edgepedia.org/abu-bakr), evident in his manipulation of the text and in the images depicting the Rashidun Caliphs; the Timurids were staunch followers of Sunnism of the Hanafite school of jurisprudence.[10](https://mth.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1529-en.html)\n\nThe work also became a channel of transmission for earlier historiography. It is probably via Hafiz-i Abru's work that Rashid al-Din's history was exploited by later Timurid universal historians such as [Mirkhwand](https://www.edgepedia.org/mirkhwand) and [Khwandamir](https://www.edgepedia.org/khwandamir).[9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/) Its absorption of the Jami al-tawarikh was the most important means of that earlier work's transmission.[9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/)\n\n## Reception and assessment\n\nThe absorption of the Jami al-tawarikh into Hafiz-i Abru's compilation gave rise to an extremely complicated textual tradition that, despite the painstaking work of Felix Tauer, has still not been entirely clarified.[9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/) The Majma served as Mohammad Roshan's basic version for his textual criticism of the Jami al-tawarikh.[6](https://jll.uk.ac.ir/article_3716_4da270aaaa19a7a03e9b1b8aa4004acb.pdf?lang=en)\n\nTwo problems have shaped modern assessment. First, some evidence indicates that the recent printed edition of the Jami al-tawarikh is in fact Hafiz-i Abru's Majma al-tawarikh, mistakenly identified as Rashid al-Din's work;[10](https://mth.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1529-en.html) the Encyclopaedia Iranica, by contrast, treats the Jami as Rashid al-Din's own work and notes that its textual tradition remains unsettled, so the two positions stand in tension.[10](https://mth.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1529-en.html) • [9](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/) Second, the wide dispersal of the illustrated copy during the twentieth century has strongly influenced and limited its scholarly examination; by comparison with other dated codices its illustrations can be classified into three distinctly different groups, and the authenticity of some of them is a matter of discussion.[11](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/historical-style-of-painting-for-shahrukh-and-its-revival-in-the-dispersed-manuscript-of-majma-altawarikh/36D8E81A4FECF9609B81B344BE6A1023)\n\n## References\n\n1. Bonhams: Three leaves from an illustrated manuscript of Hafiz-i Abru's Majma al-Tawarikh: https://www.bonhams.com/auction/16223/lot/6/three-leaves-from-an-illustrated-manuscript-of-hafiz-i-abrus-majma-al-tawarikh-the-assembly-of-history-depicting-chinese-princes-courtiers-and-two-serpents-with-multiple-human-heads-timurid-persia-herat-circa-14253/\n2. Azca Auctions, Lot 128: A loose illustrated folio from the Majma' al-Tawarikh by Hafiz-i Abru: https://www.azcaauctions.com/auction/lot/128-a-loose-illustrated-folio-from-the-majma-al-tawarikh-by-hafizi-i-abru-d-1430/?lot=729&sd=1\n3. The Walters Art Museum, W.676: Six Leaves from Majma` al-tavarikh by Hafiz Abru: https://art.thewalters.org/object/W.676/\n4. Re-reading and correcting some of the Chinese words in the Khitai travelogue included in Hafiz-i Abru's Zubdat al-Tawarikh: https://jrll.atu.ac.ir/article_18919.html?lang=en\n5. The Topkapı Manuscript of the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārikh (Hazine 1654) from Rashidiya to the Ottoman Court: A Preliminary Analysis: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210862.2018.1428085\n6. Article on correcting Jami al-Tawarikh (Iran and Islam section) using Majma al-Tawarikh: https://jll.uk.ac.ir/article_3716_4da270aaaa19a7a03e9b1b8aa4004acb.pdf?lang=en\n7. Magiran keyword page \"jami al tawarikh\": https://www.magiran.com/keyword/1015/jami-al-tawarikh\n8. Cleveland Museum of Art: Text Page from Majma al-Tavarikh of Hafiz-i Abru: https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1931.452.b\n9. Encyclopaedia Iranica: JĀMEʿ AL-TAWĀRIḴ: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jame-al-tawarik/\n10. A Comparative Study between the Texts and Images of Abu Bakr and Imam 'Ali in the Ilkhanid and Timurid Copies of the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh: https://mth.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1529-en.html\n11. The \"Historical Style\" of Painting for Shahrukh and Its Revival in the Dispersed Manuscript of Majmaʿ al-Tawarikh, Iranian Studies: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/abs/historical-style-of-painting-for-shahrukh-and-its-revival-in-the-dispersed-manuscript-of-majma-altawarikh/36D8E81A4FECF9609B81B344BE6A1023\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Other history › Middle East and North Africa › Mongol, Ilkhanid, and Timurid period (1219 to 1508) › Scholars, poets, and artists*\n\n*Initially written Sep 24, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Majma al-tawarikh\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Majma al-tawarikh](https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh](https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Majma al-tawarikh\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/majma-al-tawarikh. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Majma al-tawarikh is a Persian universal history written by the Timurid court historian Hafiz-i Abru at the command of Shahrukh, composed around 1425." }