{ "id": "ep9v00mm1m", "slug": "mirat-i-sikandari", "title": "Mirat-i Sikandari", "updated": "2026-10-15", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.asia", "label": "Asian history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india", "label": "India and South Asia", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates", "label": "Regional sultanates (1350 to 1700)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates", "label": "Gujarat and Malwa sultanates", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates", "label": "India · 1000 to 1799: Gujarat and Malwa sultanates", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates", "path": [ { "id": "geo.ind", "label": "India", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000", "label": "India · 1000 to 1799", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia", "label": "Asian history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india", "label": "India and South Asia", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates", "label": "Regional sultanates (1350 to 1700)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates", "label": "Gujarat and Malwa sultanates", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates" } ] } ], "excerpt": "The Mirat-i Sikandari (مرآتِ سکندری, \"Alexander's Mirror\") is a Persian history of the Gujarat Sultanate, written by Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad and completed around 1611.", "snippet": "The Mirat-i Sikandari (مرآتِ سکندری, \"Alexander's Mirror\") is a Persian history of the Gujarat Sultanate, written by Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad and completed around 1611.", "node": "society.history.asia.india.regional-sultanates.gujarat-and-malwa-sultanates", "markdown": "# Mirat-i Sikandari\n\nThe **Mirat-i Sikandari** (مرآتِ سکندری, \"Alexander's Mirror\") is a Persian history of the [Gujarat Sultanate](https://www.edgepedia.org/gujarat-sultanate) written by Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad, called Manjhu, son of Akbar, and completed around 1611. It narrates the sultans of Gujarat from the founding of the [Muzaffarid dynasty](https://www.edgepedia.org/muzaffarid-dynasty) under Zafar Khan, later Muzaffar Shah I, to the reign of [Muzaffar Shah III](https://www.edgepedia.org/muzaffar-shah-iii) and the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal emperor Akbar.[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) Modern historians have treated it as the standard history of the Gujarat Sultanate.[3](https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0014)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Author | Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad 'urf Manjhu ibn Akbar[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) |\n| Date of composition | A.H. 1020 (1611–12) according to the Mirat-i Ahmadi; manuscript catalogs give 1611 to 1613[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [4](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412) |\n| Language | Persian[5](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081879508) |\n| Coverage | Gujarat from the inception of the sultans' dynasty to the conquest by Akbar; events run to the death of Muzaffar Shah III[2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) • [5](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081879508) |\n| First printed edition | Bombay, 1246 AH (1830–31)[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) |\n| Standard critical edition | S. C. Misra and M. L. Rahman, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, 1961[2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) |\n| Standing | Regarded as a complete and authentic history of the Gujarat Sultanate, and the standard one for modern historians[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [3](https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0014) |\n\n## Origin: author and date\n\nThe author's full name is given as Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad 'urf Manjhu ibn Akbar.[2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) Manuscript catalogs describe the work as composed between 1611 and 1613.[4](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412)\n\nHis birth year is given variously as A.H. 961 (1553–54), in the year of the death of Sultan Mahmud III, as 1553 with a question mark, and as circa 1582 or 3.[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [5](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081879508) • [4](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412)\n\n## Contents\n\nThe work is a history of Gujarat from the inception of the dynasty of the sultans of Gujarat to the conquest of Gujarat by Akbar.[2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) Its narrative runs from the reign of Zafar Khan, who took the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, to Muzaffar Shah III, the last sultan, and ends with the events of A.H. 1001 (1592–93), when the dethroned Muzaffar III ended his career by suicide at Dhamraka in [Kathiawar](https://www.edgepedia.org/kathiawar).[6](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_17929) • [1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) The work covers a history of Gujarat from 1407 until the death of Muzaffar Shah III in 1593.[5](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081879508)\n\nThe author cites earlier Gujarat histories, most of which are no longer available.[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) The work omits the events of 1442, including the flight of Kanha, Rajah of Jhaliwar, to Khandesh and the help given to him by Ahmad Bahmani.[7](https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.103127/2015.103127.Mirati-Siknadari-The-Miror-Of-Sikandar_djvu.txt)\n\n## Transmission: manuscripts and editions\n\nAccording to *Sources of the Mirʾāt-i-Sikandarī*, copies circulated soon after composition, with a manuscript dated A.H. 1023 (1614–15) known, and the [Bodleian Library](https://www.edgepedia.org/bodleian-library) holds a copy dated 3 February 1647, purchased in 1693 from the collection of Robert Huntington (d. 1701).[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [8](https://marco.ox.ac.uk/ark:29072/x06q182k96pw) The John Rylands Library's Persian MS 900, a complete copy finished on 7 Safar 1094 AH (5 February 1683), probably in the [Indian subcontinent](https://www.edgepedia.org/indian-subcontinent), passed through a documented chain: it was collected by Nawwab Abd al-Wahhab Khan Shikuh al-Mulk Nasir al-Dawlah Nusrat Jang Bahadur (ca. 1724–1801), governor of Chittoor and son of the Nawwab of Arcot; captured by Haydar Ali, ruler of Mysore, in 1780; accessioned by [Tipu Sultan](https://www.edgepedia.org/tipu-sultan) at Seringapatam; and plundered by British forces after Tipu's defeat, being recorded in an inventory by the Prize Agents Charles Stewart and Samuel Ogg.[4](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412) The British Library holds a 19th-century Indian copy of 221 folios.[6](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_17929)\n\nThe work was first published at Bombay in A.H. 1246 (1830–31) under the patronage of General John Malcolm, by Captain Jarvis, transcribed by Mirza Shirazi, and lithographed at Bombay in A.H. 1308 (1890–91).[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) The standard critical edition, with introduction and notes, was prepared by S. C. Misra and M. L. Rahman and published in 1961 by the Department of History of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda as Department of History Series No. 3, in vii, 249, 492, [7] pages.[2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x)\n\nTranslations followed. Sir Edward Clive Bayley translated the work covering events up to 1553, the end of the reign of Mahmud III, and, according to the Fihrist catalog of Persian MS 900 at the John Rylands Library, John Dowson's English translation formed the basis of the Gujarat volume of Elliot and Bayley's *The History of India As Told by Its Own Historians* (London, 1886).[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [4](https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412) According to the 1889 translation itself, Fazlullah Lutfullah Faridi undertook a full English translation at the suggestion of Colonel J. W. Watson, Political Agent in Kathiawar, because Bayley's translation broke off at the end of Mahmud III's reign; its proofs were read by A. M. T. Jackson of the [Indian Civil Service](https://www.edgepedia.org/indian-civil-service).[7](https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.103127/2015.103127.Mirati-Siknadari-The-Miror-Of-Sikandar_djvu.txt) An Urdu translation by Murtaza Husain Qureshi was published by the Urdu Sahitya Akademi, Gujarat, in 1995, running to 505 pages, and again by the Gujarat Urdu Sahitya Akademi, Gandhinagar, in 1434 AH (2013).[9](https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mirat-e-sikandari-ebooks-1?lang=ur) • [10](https://maablib.org/mraat-e-sikandari-by-sikandar-translated-by-professor-murtaz-hussain-qurashi/)\n\n## Political influence\n\nThe Mirat-i Sikandari was written under Mughal rule, some forty years after the Gujarat Sultanate's annexation, and its account closes with the incorporation of Gujarat into Akbar's empire.[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) • [2](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x) Its influence on later historical writing ran through the chronicle tradition: Abdulla Muhammad al-Makki al-Asafi al-Ulughkhani Hajji al-Dabir (born 1540) consulted it among several Persian chronicles when composing his Arabic history of Gujarat, the *Zafar al-walih bi Muzaffar wa alihi*.[3](https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0014)\n\n## Reception and assessment\n\nThe Mirat-i Sikandari is regarded as a complete and authentic history of the Gujarat Sultanate, whose narrative ends with the death of Muzaffar Shah III in 1592–93.[1](https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt) The Mirat-i Sikandari has served as the standard history of the Gujarat Sultanate for modern historians, and Ulughkhani's *Zafar al-walih* has largely been seen by scholars as a corroborative text to Persian chronicles such as it.[3](https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0014) The 1961 Baroda edition was noticed in the *Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies* by P. Hardy.[11](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/s-c-misra-and-m-l-rahman-ed-the-miratisikandari-a-history-of-gujarat-from-the-inception-of-the-dynasty-of-the-sultans-of-gujarat-to-the-conquest-of-gujarat-by-akbar-of-shaikh-sikandar-ibn-muhammad-urf-manjhu-ibn-akbar-department-of-history-series-no-3-vii-249-492-7-pp-baroda-maharaja-sayajirao-university-of-baroda-faculty-of-arts-department-of-history-1961-rs-24/7B2CABCE9367A178EA551D3EC7B3273A)\n\n## References\n\n1. *Sources of the Mir at-i-Sikandari* (Digital Library of India). https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.22986/E06897_Sources_of_the_Mir_At_I_Sikandari_djvu.txt\n2. S. C. Misra and M. L. Rahman (ed.), *The Mirat-i-Sikandari* (review), Bulletin of SOAS. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0007453x\n3. \"Counterpoint: Reassessing Ulughkhānī's Arabic history of Gujarat\", *Asiatische Studien*. https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0014\n4. Persian MS 900 (The John Rylands Research Institute and Library), Fihrist. https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_7412\n5. *Mirati Sikandari; or, The Mirror of Sikandar* (HathiTrust). http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081879508\n6. Fihrist: IO Islamic 3844 (British Library). https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/manuscript_17929\n7. *Mirati Sikandari; or, The Mirror of Sikandar*, trans. Fazlullah Lutfullah Faridi (Digital Library of India). https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.103127/2015.103127.Mirati-Siknadari-The-Miror-Of-Sikandar_djvu.txt\n8. MS. Huntington 230, Bodleian Library (MARCO). https://marco.ox.ac.uk/ark:29072/x06q182k96pw\n9. مراۃ سکندری, Rekhta. https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mirat-e-sikandari-ebooks-1?lang=ur\n10. مراۃ سکندری (اردو ترجمہ), Markaz Ihya Asar. https://maablib.org/mraat-e-sikandari-by-sikandar-translated-by-professor-murtaz-hussain-qurashi/\n11. P. Hardy, review notice, Bulletin of SOAS. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/s-c-misra-and-m-l-rahman-ed-the-miratisikandari-a-history-of-gujarat-from-the-inception-of-the-dynasty-of-the-sultans-of-gujarat-to-the-conquest-of-gujarat-by-akbar-of-shaikh-sikandar-ibn-muhammad-urf-manjhu-ibn-akbar-department-of-history-series-no-3-vii-249-492-7-pp-baroda-maharaja-sayajirao-university-of-baroda-faculty-of-arts-department-of-history-1961-rs-24/7B2CABCE9367A178EA551D3EC7B3273A\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Asian history › India and South Asia › Regional sultanates (1350 to 1700) › Gujarat and Malwa sultanates*\n\n*Initially written Sep 23, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 30, 2026; Oct 15, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Mirat-i Sikandari\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Mirat-i Sikandari](https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari](https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Mirat-i Sikandari\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/mirat-i-sikandari. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "The Mirat-i Sikandari is a Persian history of the Gujarat Sultanate, written by Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad and completed around 1611." }