{ "id": "epddvp1kme", "slug": "mysore-rocket-corps", "title": "Mysore rocket corps", "updated": "2026-10-25", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.asia", "label": "Asian history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india", "label": "India and South Asia", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala", "label": "Mysore and Kerala (1600 to 1799)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala" }, { "id": "society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore", "label": "India · 1000 to 1799: Kingdom of Mysore", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore", "path": [ { "id": "geo.ind", "label": "India", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000", "label": "India · 1000 to 1799", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia", "label": "Asian history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india", "label": "India and South Asia", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala", "label": "Mysore and Kerala (1600 to 1799)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala" }, { "id": "geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore", "label": "Kingdom of Mysore", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.ind.t1000.society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore" } ] } ], "excerpt": "The Mysore rocket corps (ಅಗ್ನಿ ಬಾಣ ಪಡೆ) was a rocket troop unit in the south Indian kingdom of Mysore, begun under Hyder Ali and expanded by Tipu Sultan.", "snippet": "The Mysore rocket corps (ಅಗ್ನಿ ಬಾಣ ಪಡೆ) was a rocket troop unit in the south Indian kingdom of Mysore, begun under Hyder Ali and expanded by Tipu Sultan.", "node": "society.history.asia.india.mysore-kerala.kingdom-of-mysore", "markdown": "# Mysore rocket corps\n\nThe Mysore rocket corps (ಅಗ್ನಿ ಬಾಣ ಪಡೆ) was a regular body of rocket troops in the army of the south Indian kingdom of Mysore, begun under [Hyder Ali](https://www.edgepedia.org/hyder-ali) and expanded by his son [Tipu Sultan](https://www.edgepedia.org/tipu-sultan) in the late eighteenth century. It began with about 1,200 men in Hyder Ali's time and reached a strength given variously as about 5,000 in Tipu's army or 3,000 at its height. Its technology was studied in Britain, where it shaped the [Congreve rocket](https://www.edgepedia.org/congreve-rocket) system.[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Founder | Hyder Ali, continued and expanded by Tipu Sultan[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) |\n| Strength | About 1,200 men under Hyder Ali; about 5,000 in Tipu's army, or 3,000 at its height by another account[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) |\n| Weapon | Iron-cased rocket, tube about 60 mm in diameter and 200 mm long, range 1–2 km[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) |\n| Manual | Tipu's Fathul Mujahidin assigned 200 rocketmen to each cushoon (brigade)[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) • [4](https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/special-legend-of-the-mysore-rockets-that-bloodied-the-british-rwes8v) |\n| Legacy | British rocket development at the Royal Woolwich Arsenal from 1801 under Sir William Congreve[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) |\n\n## Founding and history\n\nThe corps grew out of rocket use that long predated Mysore's own program. Rockets had been used against the British in 1755 and at Plassey in 1757.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) Hyder Ali, who had become the effective ruler of Mysore,[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022) turned this weapon into an organized arm: a regular rocket-operating unit of about 1,200 soldiers existed in his time.[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) \n\nTipu Sultan expanded the corps. On the night of 6 February 1792 rockets attacked British Lieutenant Colonel Knox near [Srirangapatna](https://www.edgepedia.org/srirangapatna).[7](https://www.esakal.com/sci-tech/karnataka-mysore-birthplace-of-rocket-technology-british-east-india-company-bam92) \n\n## Structure, functions, and principal holders\n\nThe corps was organized into special units with trained operators, which could support conventional forces or act independently to harass enemy formations.[8](https://itihaas.ai/kn/stories/tipu-sultans-rocket-corps) Tipu's military manual, the Fathul Mujahidin, copies of which were distributed to all his officers, specifies 200 rocketmen in each Mysorean cushoon, with a total of 16 cushoons of infantry; a British officer, Lieut. Bushby, suggested 24 cushoons may have been nearer the total.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) The same allocation of 200 rocketmen per brigade is stated in the handbook Tipu had prepared under his commander Mir Zain-ul-Abidin Shushtari.[7](https://www.esakal.com/sci-tech/karnataka-mysore-birthplace-of-rocket-technology-british-east-india-company-bam92)\n\nManufacturing was concentrated in dedicated quarters. According to [Roddam Narasimha](https://www.edgepedia.org/roddam-narasimha)'s *Rocketing from the Galaxy Bazaar*, Tipu promoted the manufacture of rockets in areas of his towns called Tara-mandal pet, loosely translatable as Galaxy Bazaar,[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022) and established four taramandalpets, or star-cluster bazaars, at Srirangapatna, Bangalore, Chitradurga, and Bidanur (present-day Nagara in central [Karnataka](https://www.edgepedia.org/karnataka)) to conduct research on rocket technology.[9](https://thebetterindia.com/119316/tipu-sultan-mysore-rockets-hyder-ali-first-war-rocket/) At Nagara, a town of the Keladi empire conquered by Hyder Ali in 1759, Hyder Ali and subsequently Tipu Sultan set up a manufacturing unit; many rockets were later found discarded in a well there.[10](https://www.mpositive.in/striking-legacy/) In Bangalore, the area near the Jumma Masjid by City Market and Taramandalpet were centers of the rocket-manufacturing project, where Tipu also built a laboratory.[7](https://www.esakal.com/sci-tech/karnataka-mysore-birthplace-of-rocket-technology-british-east-india-company-bam92)\n\n## Military style\n\nThe Mysore rocket's decisive feature was its iron casing for the propellant, which allowed higher bursting pressures, higher thrust, and longer range. The tube was about 60 mm in diameter and 200 mm long, fastened to a sword or a 3 m bamboo pole, and the rockets had a range of 1–2 km.[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) One account gives the range as typically about 2 kilometers, attributed chiefly to the iron casing.[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022) A general design description gives an iron tube about 8 inches long and 1.5 to 3 inches in diameter, closed at one end and strapped to a bamboo shaft about 4 ft long; a large rocket carrying about one pound of powder could travel some 1,000 yards.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm)\n\nRocketmen were trained to assess the parabolic curve of the rocket's flight and vary the angle of dispatch depending on the cylinder's diameter and the distance from the target.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) They launched rockets rapidly using a wheeled cart fitted with ramps,[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022) and Tipu created a rocket organ capable of launching 5 to 10 rockets at once, used at the siege of Honore in 1784.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) The rockets varied in behavior: some flew through the air before landing on enemy ranks, others traveled at knee level through enemy lines, and some bamboo poles carried swords, making them deadlier against [East India Company](https://www.edgepedia.org/east-india-company) soldiers.[10](https://www.mpositive.in/striking-legacy/)\n\nThe corps' most famous action came at the [Battle of Pollilur](https://www.edgepedia.org/battle-of-pollilur). A strong contributory cause of the British defeat is thought to have been the explosion of Colonel Baillie's ammunition tumbrils, touched off by [Mysore rockets](https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rockets).[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) In the fourth Anglo-Mysore War of 1799, Colonel Arthur Wellesley suffered a defeat in a mango grove outside Srirangapatna against Mysore forces.[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022) Colonel Bayly, a British officer, wrote vividly about the havoc the [Mysorean rockets](https://www.edgepedia.org/mysorean-rockets) caused when his regiment faced Tipu's army on April 5, 1799.[11](https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25436565.ece)\n\n## Political influence\n\nThe rocket corps underpinned Mysore's resistance to the East India Company for two decades. The historians Olikara and Shejeshwara assess that the Mysorean rocket, with its ferrous metal case and deployment in large numbers, was unparalleled anywhere else in the world, represented the pinnacle of Mysore's technological prowess, and enabled Mysore to stem the colonial tide for twenty years.[10](https://www.mpositive.in/striking-legacy/) The 1780 victory at Pollilur, in which rockets helped the army led by Hyder Ali and Tipu defeat the British, is celebrated in a mural at the summer palace in Tipu's capital, Srirangapatna.[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022)\n\n## End or later history\n\nWhen Seringapatam fell in 1799, 600 engines of iron for throwing rockets were found there, together with 700 serviceable and 9,000 empty rockets.[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm) The Mysorean rockets found after the fall were transported to England, where they were studied closely.[11](https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25436565.ece)\n\nThe technology outlived the corps. According to *Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D.*, the British began a vigorous rocket research and development program at the Royal Woolwich Arsenal from 1801, chiefly the work of Sir William Congreve, based on reports from India,[2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) and Tipu's rocket is described as the progenitor of the British Congreve rocket used in the nineteenth century, including in the [Napoleonic Wars](https://www.edgepedia.org/napoleonic-wars).[11](https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25436565.ece) • [1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) \n\n## Assessment and legacy\n\nHistorians differ on the corps' peak strength. One account puts the corps at 3,000 soldiers at the height of its power.[4](https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/special-legend-of-the-mysore-rockets-that-bloodied-the-british-rwes8v) The range is likewise given as 1–2 km in one study[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) and typically 2.4 kilometers in another.[5](https://doi.org/10.1038/22022)\n\nThe cause of the ammunition explosion at Pollilur is also disputed. The widely held view credits Mysorean rockets with touching off Colonel Baillie's tumbrils,[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) • [2](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD) but Rao (1943), while mentioning Tipu's rocketmen, suggests the tumbrils were set on fire by French cannon.[1](https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html) On the weapon itself, the assessment of Olikara and Shejeshwara is that the iron-cased Mysorean rocket deployed in large numbers was unparalleled anywhere else in the world.[10](https://www.mpositive.in/striking-legacy/) Specimens are displayed in Tipu's Summer Palace.[12](https://citizenmatters.in/4865-the-history-of-rockets-from-tipu-sultan-times/)\n## References\n\n1. Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D., HISTORY MARG. https://www.historymarg.com/2023/12/see-discussions-stats-and-author.html\n2. Roddam Narasimha, Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995_Rockets_in_Mysore_and_Britain_1750-1850_AD\n3. The Tiger and The Thistle, Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195356/http:/www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu312.htm\n4. The Mysore firepower that gave British a bloody nose, Asianet Newsable. https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/special-legend-of-the-mysore-rockets-that-bloodied-the-british-rwes8v\n5. Roddam Narasimha, Rocketing from the Galaxy Bazaar, Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/22022\n6. Mysore at War. The military structure during the reigns of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. https://www.academia.edu/41321871/Mysore_at_War_The_military_structure_during_the_reigns_of_Haidar_Ali_and_Tipu_Sultan\n7. Karnataka: Mysore birthplace of rocket technology, Esakal. https://www.esakal.com/sci-tech/karnataka-mysore-birthplace-of-rocket-technology-british-east-india-company-bam92\n8. Tipu Sultan's Rocket Corps, Itihaas Ai. https://itihaas.ai/kn/stories/tipu-sultans-rocket-corps\n9. Tipu Sultan and His Mysorean Rockets, the World's First War Rockets, The Better India. https://thebetterindia.com/119316/tipu-sultan-mysore-rockets-hyder-ali-first-war-rocket/\n10. Striking legacy (report of a scholarly talk by historians Olikara and Shejeshwara), mpositive. https://www.mpositive.in/striking-legacy/\n11. Striking legacy, Frontline. https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25436565.ece\n12. Tipu's rockets: Zooming across time, Citizen Matters. https://citizenmatters.in/4865-the-history-of-rockets-from-tipu-sultan-times/\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Asian history › India and South Asia › Mysore and Kerala (1600 to 1799) › Kingdom of Mysore*\n\n*Initially written Sep 23, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 30, 2026 · Edited: Sep 30, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Last review: Sep 30, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Mysore rocket corps\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Mysore rocket corps](https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps](https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Mysore rocket corps\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/mysore-rocket-corps. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "The Mysore rocket corps was a rocket troop unit in the south Indian kingdom of Mysore, begun under Hyder Ali and expanded by Tipu Sultan." }