{ "id": "epwnv148mr", "slug": "robert-moffat", "title": "Robert Moffat", "updated": "2026-10-21", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history" }, { "id": "society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other" }, { "id": "society.history.other.africa", "label": "Sub-Saharan Africa and the Horn", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.africa" }, { "id": "society.history.other.africa.southern", "label": "Southern Africa (1100 to 1902)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.africa.southern" }, { "id": "society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z", "label": "Titles N to Z", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z", "label": "Sub-Saharan Africa · 1800 to 1945: Titles N to Z", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z", "path": [ { "id": "geo.afr", "label": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800", "label": "Sub-Saharan Africa · 1800 to 1945", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history", "label": "History and archaeology", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other", "label": "Other history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa", "label": "Sub-Saharan Africa and the Horn", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern", "label": "Southern Africa (1100 to 1902)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern" }, { "id": "geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z", "label": "Titles N to Z", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.afr.t1800.society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Robert Moffat was a Scottish London Missionary Society missionary in southern Africa from 1817 to 1870 who produced the first Bible translation into a South African language, Setswana.", "snippet": "Robert Moffat was a Scottish London Missionary Society missionary in southern Africa from 1817 to 1870 who produced the first Bible translation into a South African language, Setswana.", "node": "society.history.other.africa.southern.alpha-n-to-z", "markdown": "# Robert Moffat\n\n**Robert Moffat** (21 December 1795, Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland – 8 or 9 August 1883, Leigh, Kent, England) was a Scottish missionary of the London Missionary Society (LMS) who worked in southern Africa from 1817 to 1870, founded the mission station at Kuruman, and produced the first translation of the Bible into any South African language, in [Setswana](https://www.edgepedia.org/tswana-language).[1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) • [2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) He was the father-in-law of the missionary-explorer [David Livingstone](https://www.edgepedia.org/david-livingstone).[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat)\n\n| Key fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Born | 21 December 1795, Ormiston, East Lothian, Scotland[1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) |\n| Base | Kuruman mission station, opened 1824 or 1825, his home for decades[5](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffat-robert/) • [6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) |\n| Principal work | First complete Bible in a South African language, printed in Tswana in 1857[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) |\n| Diplomacy | Lifelong friendship with the Ndebele king Mzilikazi, first met in 1829[5](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffat-robert/) |\n| Family | Married Mary Smith in December 1819; ten children; daughter Mary married David Livingstone in 1844[1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) • [7](https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/collections/collections-portal/mary-moffat-letters-collection/) • [6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) |\n\n## Origins and family\n\nMoffat was born on 21 December 1795, his parents then living at Ormiston in East Lothian, Scotland.[8](https://gutenberg.org/files/15379/15379-h/15379-h.htm) According to the Papers of Robert Moffat, he worked as an under-gardener near Liverpool before becoming a Methodist.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) He offered himself to the London Missionary Society, was accepted, and was appointed a missionary to South Africa in 1816.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) • [9](https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07/htm/ii.xi.cv.htm)\n\nHe arrived at [Cape Town](https://www.edgepedia.org/cape-town) in 1817 and spent his first year in Namaqualand among the Khoikhoi.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) • [2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) In December 1819 he married Mary Smith in Cape Town; the couple had ten children, several of whom later took up missionary work themselves.[1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) • [7](https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/collections/collections-portal/mary-moffat-letters-collection/) • [6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291)\n\n## Career\n\nAn LMS deputation consisting of Dr. Philip and John Campbell appointed Moffat superintendent at Lattakoo (Dithakong) among the Tlhaping, a [Tswana people](https://www.edgepedia.org/tswana-people), and he settled there in 1821.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) In 1829 he first visited [Mzilikazi](https://www.edgepedia.org/mzilikazi), chief of the Matabele, beginning a friendship that lasted the rest of his life.[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) • [1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/)\n\nKuruman became the center of his work. Kuruman was founded in 1824 or 1825.[5](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffat-robert/) • [6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) Kuruman, south-east of the Kalahari, long served as the northernmost European outpost in South Africa. \n\nMoffat became fluent in Tswana and completed his translation of the [New Testament](https://www.edgepedia.org/new-testament) in 1839; it was published in Britain in 1840 after he traveled home.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) • [1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) In 1857 the [Old Testament](https://www.edgepedia.org/old-testament) translation was finished and the whole Bible in the Sechwana (Setswana) language was printed and distributed, the first translation of the Bible into any South African language.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) He also translated *Pilgrim's Progress* and compiled a Tswana hymn-book, and is described as the first transcriber of the Setswana language.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) • [10](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/missionary-labours-and-scenes-in-southern-africa/AE94EDBE6F0B60870CE2A10D4D97439D)\n\nBetween 1829 and 1859 he undertook five long journeys into the then unexplored areas of the Transvaal, Bechuanaland, and [Southern Rhodesia](https://www.edgepedia.org/southern-rhodesia), travels that place him among the notable travelers of southern Africa.[4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104) • [11](https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=30198588X) In May 1854 he crossed the Kalahari with James Chapman and Samuel Edwards to reach Mzilikazi in [Matabeleland](https://www.edgepedia.org/matabeleland), where the Ndebele had settled around 1840; he was the first European to visit him there.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) His last visit, in 1859, resulted in the establishment of an LMS mission at Inyati near Bulawayo, which he left established in June.[6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) • [3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert)\n\nHis autobiographical *Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa* was published in 1842 or 1843.[10](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/missionary-labours-and-scenes-in-southern-africa/AE94EDBE6F0B60870CE2A10D4D97439D) • [11](https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=30198588X)\n\n## Political influence\n\nMoffat acted as an unofficial diplomatic agent between Europeans and the peoples north of the Cape frontier, and his Kuruman base was the key to his influence, its pattern of mission activity copied as the Christian frontier expanded northwards.[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) • [4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104) His friendship with Mzilikazi opened Matabeleland to the LMS and gave him standing with a ruler whom other Europeans could not reach.[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat)\n\nThat standing had practical weight. In 1857, when he led a mission to Mzilikazi in Matabeleland, Afrikaner burghers suspicious of his influence prepared to attack Kuruman; an appeal through the Cape governor Sir George Grey to Pretorius stopped the attack.[1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) The family is described as continuing a liberal tradition in race relationships begun during the Moffats' fifty years in southern Africa.[4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104)\n\n## Death and successors\n\nMoffat left Africa for England in 1870.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) His wife died a few months after their arrival, and he was made D.D. of Edinburgh in 1872.[12](https://scielo.org.za/pdf/at/v29s12/04.pdf) • [3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [6](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291) In 1879 he wrote to a friend, \"I am an African.\"[12](https://scielo.org.za/pdf/at/v29s12/04.pdf)\n\nSources disagree on the day of his death: 8 August 1883 at Leigh, or 9 August.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert) • [1](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/) • [2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) • [9](https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07/htm/ii.xi.cv.htm) He was buried at Norwood cemetery beside his wife.[3](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert)\n\n## Historians' assessment\n\nHis mastery of Sechuana, his single-handed translation of the Bible, and his printing enterprise at Kuruman have the marks of pioneering originality that made [Livingstone](https://www.edgepedia.org/livingstone) admire him more than any other man in southern Africa.[4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104) His linguistic work made Tswana one of the first [Bantu languages](https://www.edgepedia.org/bantu-languages) to be reduced to writing.[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) Other researchers take a more critical view: his translations of the Bible and *Pilgrim's Progress* into Setswana are said to carry the cultural and linguistic assumptions of the European colonizer, and his approach to Tswana customs is described by some researchers as paternalistic.[13](https://routeofnations.com/the-way/who-was/robert-moffat/)\n\n## Legacy\n\nKuruman's pattern of mission activity was copied as the Christian frontier expanded northwards, and the station long served as the northernmost European outpost in South Africa.[4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104) • [5](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffat-robert/) His Setswana Bible gave the language one of the earliest written forms among Bantu languages, and his family, through John Smith Moffat and the Livingstone connection, remained a presence in Central African affairs after his death.[2](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat) • [4](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104)\n\n## References\n\n1. [Moffat, Robert (C) – Dictionary of African Christian Biography](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffatt-robert2/)\n2. [Robert Moffat | South African History Online](https://sahistory.org.za/people/robert-moffat)\n3. [Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900: Moffat, Robert](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1885-1900/Moffat%2C_Robert)\n4. [Life and Work of Robert Moffat (SOAS doctoral thesis)](https://doi.org/10.25501/soas.00034104)\n5. [Moffat, Robert (A) – Dictionary of African Christian Biography](https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/moffat-robert/)\n6. [Collection: Papers of Robert Moffat, Edinburgh University Archives](https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/291)\n7. [Mary Moffat Letters, Cory Library | Whites Writing Whiteness](https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/collections/collections-portal/mary-moffat-letters-collection/)\n8. [Robert Moffat (Project Gutenberg biography)](https://gutenberg.org/files/15379/15379-h/15379-h.htm)\n9. [Moffat, Robert (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia)](https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07/htm/ii.xi.cv.htm)\n10. [Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (Cambridge University Press edition)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/missionary-labours-and-scenes-in-southern-africa/AE94EDBE6F0B60870CE2A10D4D97439D)\n11. [AfricaBib: Robert Moffat, master missionary](https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=30198588X)\n12. [Acta Theologica Supplementum 12 (2009)](https://scielo.org.za/pdf/at/v29s12/04.pdf)\n13. [Who was Robert Moffat – Route of Nations](https://routeofnations.com/the-way/who-was/robert-moffat/)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › History and archaeology › Other history › Sub-Saharan Africa and the Horn › Southern Africa (1100 to 1902) › Titles N to Z*\n\n*Initially written Sep 24, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 21, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/robert-moffat", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/robert-moffat.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. 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