{ "id": "ep768q15p6", "slug": "stefan-zeromski", "title": "Stefan Żeromski", "updated": "2026-10-21", "topic_path": [ { "id": "culture", "label": "Arts and culture", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture" }, { "id": "culture.literature", "label": "Literature and written works", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.literature" }, { "id": "culture.literature.people", "label": "Writers and literary biographies", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.literature.people" }, { "id": "culture.literature.people.people-novelists", "label": "Fiction writers: novelists and genre", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.literature.people.people-novelists" }, { "id": "culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists", "label": "Continental European literary novelists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists" }, { "id": "culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists", "label": "Early 20th-century novelists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists", "label": "Eastern Europe · 1800 to 1945: Early 20th-century novelists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists", "path": [ { "id": "geo.eeu", "label": "Eastern Europe", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800", "label": "Eastern Europe · 1800 to 1945", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture", "label": "Arts and culture", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature", "label": "Literature and written works", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people", "label": "Writers and literary biographies", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists", "label": "Fiction writers: novelists and genre", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists", "label": "Continental European literary novelists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists" }, { "id": "geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists", "label": "Early 20th-century novelists", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.eeu.t1800.culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925) was a Polish novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist hailed at his death as the \"conscience of Polish literature\", known for Syzyfowe prace, Popioły, and Przedwiośnie.", "snippet": "Stefan Żeromski (1864–1925) was a Polish novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist hailed at his death as the \"conscience of Polish literature\", known for Syzyfowe prace, Popioły, and Przedwiośnie.", "node": "culture.literature.people.people-novelists.continental-european-literary-novelists.early-20th-century-novelists", "markdown": "# Stefan Żeromski\n\n**Stefan Żeromski** (14 October 1864, Strawczyn, Russian Empire, now Poland – 20 November 1925, Warsaw) was a Polish novelist, short-story writer, dramatist, and publicist admired for the deep compassion about social problems he expressed in naturalistic yet lyrical novels[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski). At his death he was hailed as the \"conscience of Polish literature\"[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent), and his novels, from *Syzyfowe prace* to *Przedwiośnie*, return to the theme of the 1863 January Insurrection and to disillusionment with restored independence[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski) • [3](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/zeromski-artysta-uwieziony-w-polskosci).\n\n| Key fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Born / died | 14 October 1864, Strawczyn near Kielce; 20 November 1925, in his apartment in the Royal Castle, Warsaw, where he had lived from 1924[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski) • [4](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5850-100-rocznica-smierci-stefana-zeromskiego.html) |\n| Pseudonyms | Published as Maurycy Zych, Józef Katerla, and Stefan Iksmoreż (an anagram of his name)[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography) • [6](https://slownik-biograficzny.uws.edu.pl/slownik/327-zeromski-stefan-1864-1925-ps-literackie-maurycy-zych-jozef-kater-la-stefan-iksmorez-polski-powiesciopisarz-nowelista-poeta-dramaturg-publicysta.html) |\n| Major novels | *Syzyfowe prace* (1897), *Popioły* (4 vols, 1904), *Ludzie bezdomni* (1899/1900), *Wierna rzeka* (1912), *Przedwiośnie* (1924/1925)[4](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5850-100-rocznica-smierci-stefana-zeromskiego.html) • [7](https://zeromski.org/patron/) |\n| Epithet | Hailed at his death as the \"conscience of Polish literature\"[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent) |\n| Nobel connection | Joseph Conrad supported his candidacy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he never received[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent) |\n| Print record | *Przedwiośnie* reached 6 editions by 1928, over 30 Czytelnik editions in 1946–1996, and nearly 40 more reprints since 1993[8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/) |\n| Commemoration | The Sejm designated 2025 the \"Year of Żeromski\" (Rok Żeromskiego)[9](https://ilij.ujk.edu.pl/zeromski-odnowa-co-sie-stalo-z-tym-dziedzictwem/) |\n\n## Life\n\nŻeromski was born in Strawczyn near Kielce, the son of Wincenty, a leaseholder of an estate, and Franciszka Józefa; after 1865 the family gave up the lease and moved successively to Wola Kopcowa (1865–68), Krajno (1868–71), and Ciekoty (from 1871)[10](https://mhki.kielce.eu/kielczanie/zeromski-stefan). Britannica records that he was born to impoverished gentry in the aftermath of the 1863 January Insurrection, a fact that colored his work[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski).\n\n**Librarian years.** From 1892 to 1897 he was librarian at the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland, and from 1897 to 1904 at the Library of the Zamoyski Ordination in Warsaw[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/). In 1892 he married Oktawia, a widowed mother with a young daughter; he was 28 and she 30, and the couple initially lived in Switzerland, where he held the librarian post while Oktawia worked physically[11](https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/2323001,1,fortuna-z-popiolow-sto-lat-temu-zmarl-stefan-zeromski-dlaczego-o-nim-nie-pamietamy.read).\n\n**Nałęczów and France.** From 1905 he lived in Nałęczów, where he initiated a People's University and in 1906 founded the \"Światło\" Society for the Advancement of Education; he was arrested by the Russian authorities in 1908 for these activities[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski) • [5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography). He lived in France from 1909 to 1912[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography).\n\n**Second partnership and children.** In 1913 his only daughter, Monika Żeromska, was born; her mother, the painter Anna Zawadzka, was the writer's second life partner and remained with him until his death[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography). His son Adam died in 1918 at the age of eighteen[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography) • [12](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5845-stefan-zeromski---pisarz-pamieci-wystawa-w-bibliotece-narodowej.html). The National Library's 2024 exhibition highlighted Monika, to whom he dedicated *Wiatr od morza*, and who years later rescued his manuscripts from the rubble of wartime Warsaw[12](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5845-stefan-zeromski---pisarz-pamieci-wystawa-w-bibliotece-narodowej.html).\n\nHe died on Friday 20 November 1925 in his apartment in the Royal Castle in Warsaw, where he had lived from 1924[4](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5850-100-rocznica-smierci-stefana-zeromskiego.html).\n\n## Major works\n\n- **Syzyfowe prace** (1897), his first novel, is autobiographical and depicts the intellectual and patriotic maturation of Polish youth in struggle against the [Russification](https://www.edgepedia.org/russification) policies of the partition-era school[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/) • [6](https://slownik-biograficzny.uws.edu.pl/slownik/327-zeromski-stefan-1864-1925-ps-literackie-maurycy-zych-jozef-kater-la-stefan-iksmorez-polski-powiesciopisarz-nowelista-poeta-dramaturg-publicysta.html).\n- **Popioły** (*Ashes*, 4 volumes, 1904) is a historical novel showing a broad panorama of Polish life at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries against the Napoleonic wars[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/).\n- **Ludzie bezdomni** (*[Homeless People](https://www.edgepedia.org/homeless-people)*), dated 1899 by the National Library and 1900 by PWN and the Museum of Literature's first-edition record[4](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5850-100-rocznica-smierci-stefana-zeromskiego.html) • [7](https://zeromski.org/patron/) • [13](https://muzeumliteratury.pl/zeromski-w-muzeum-literatury/).\n- **Wierna rzeka** (*[The Faithful River](https://www.edgepedia.org/the-faithful-river)*, 1912) returns to the theme of the 1863 insurrection; it was filmed in 1983[1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski).\n- **Przedwiośnie** (*The Coming Spring*, completed 1924, published 1925) is a deeply ironic novel-question born of disillusionment with restored independence[3](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/zeromski-artysta-uwieziony-w-polskosci) • [8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/).\n\nHis short fiction includes *Doktor Piotr* (1895), *Rozdziobią nas kruki, wrony…* (1895), *Siłaczka* (1895), and *Echa leśne* (1905)[6](https://slownik-biograficzny.uws.edu.pl/slownik/327-zeromski-stefan-1864-1925-ps-literackie-maurycy-zych-jozef-kater-la-stefan-iksmorez-polski-powiesciopisarz-nowelista-poeta-dramaturg-publicysta.html) • [1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski). Other novels include *Dzieje grzechu* (1908), *Uroda życia* (1912), and the trilogy *Walka z szatanem* (1916–1919)[6](https://slownik-biograficzny.uws.edu.pl/slownik/327-zeromski-stefan-1864-1925-ps-literackie-maurycy-zych-jozef-kater-la-stefan-iksmorez-polski-powiesciopisarz-nowelista-poeta-dramaturg-publicysta.html).\n\n## Themes and style\n\nHis expressive style was termed \"żeromszczyzna\", and his tendency to naturalism and his handling of morally sensitive themes won him many opponents, with polemics that continue today[14](https://literat.ug.edu.pl/%7Eliterat/autors/zeromski.htm). The label is contested: scholars at the IX Festival of Political Theology argued that \"żeromszczyzna\" is a reductive shorthand, since the author of *Ludzie bezdomni* was among the first Polish writers to use stream-of-consciousness technique[15](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/stefan-zeromski-patriota-inteligent-pisarz-podsumowanie-ix-festiwal-teologii-politycznej).\n\n**Naturalism, moderated.** In *Rozdzióbią nas kruki, wrony…* Żeromski presents an extremely pessimistic world picture, but without the characteristic exaggerations of the French naturalists[16](https://zpe.gov.pl/a/przeczytaj/DUUlnhFDH).\n\n**Between positivism and romanticism.** One account of his position holds that he rejected both the romantic and the positivist programs, proposing instead to realize positivist social programs with romantic devotion and sacrifice: Stanisława Bozowska's \"work at the foundations\" in *Siłaczka*, and Doctor Judym's self-sacrifice in *Ludzie bezdomni*; in *Popioły* he demasked romantic myths, and in *Przedwiośnie* he suggested the need to go beyond the positivist tradition[17](https://sciaga.pl/tekst/1338-2-zeromski_wobec_pozytywizmu_i_romantyzmu). Within his stories he refused to take sides in the grand debate over Poland's future while creating high-minded characters passionate about reform[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent).\n\n**Independence of party.** Żeromski joined secret independence work but kept considerable reserve toward the politics of [Józef Piłsudski](https://www.edgepedia.org/jozef-pi-sudski) and circles connected with him, breaking with Kukiel, Sieroszewski, and Orkan; he refused to become a propagandist for any single party or its \"independence literature\"[3](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/zeromski-artysta-uwieziony-w-polskosci). To the end of his life he remained a writer-moralist, the \"writer-conscience of the nation\"[3](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/zeromski-artysta-uwieziony-w-polskosci). The same scholars read his famous \"glass houses\" not as naive utopia but as a metaphor of burning longing, and argue that, contrary to the communist-era (PRL) reception, he was disappointed with modernity and faithful to the idea of an independent Poland[15](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/stefan-zeromski-patriota-inteligent-pisarz-podsumowanie-ix-festiwal-teologii-politycznej).\n\n## By the numbers\n\n*Przedwiośnie* was a reader success from the start: published in 1925 by the Kraków publishing house of Jakub Mortkowicz, it reached 6 editions by 1928[8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/). Between 1946 and 1996 the state publisher Czytelnik issued over 30 individual editions plus 9 in collective sets, and since 1993 reprints have appeared nearly 40 more times[8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/). In 2018 it was the featured book of the National Reading (Narodowe Czytanie) campaign, and in 1982 it entered the first series of Biblioteka Narodowa published by [Ossolineum](https://www.edgepedia.org/ossolineum)[8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/).\n\nThe English-language record is far thinner. Bill Johnston's translation of *Przedwiośnie* as *The Coming Spring* makes the novel available to English readers; the title denotes a bleak transitional time when winter is over but spring has not begun[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent). The NEH feature attributes his limited international reputation partly to the unsettled times in which he wrote, with modernism and symbolism shaking Poland's Romantic tradition[2](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent).\n\n## Controversies and reception\n\n**Przedwiośnie's scandal.** After the novel's publication, which wPolityce dates to 1924 while the Pamięć Polski archival record gives 1925, Żeromski became one of the most controversial Polish writers: the Sodalicja Mariańska deemed the novel one of the most harmful, and there were demands that he be stripped of his decorations and expelled[18](https://wpolityce.pl/historia/100-lat-temu-zmarl-stefan-zeromski,95602) • [8](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/).\n\n**Ashes, then and now.** *Popioły* (1904) is conventionally read as a historical novel about the Napoleonic wars, but a peer-reviewed reading treats it as a narrative about the destructiveness of colonialism on Polish territory: the colonial intervention destroyed Polish republican liberty and replaced it with authoritarianism[19](https://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/86178/mainfile.pdf?handler=pdf). The novel was filmed by [Andrzej Wajda](https://www.edgepedia.org/andrzej-wajda) in 1965[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/).\n\n**On screen.** His novels were repeatedly filmed: *Dzieje grzechu* in 1933 (dir. Henryk Szaro) and 1975 (dir. Walerian Borowczyk), *Popioły* in 1965 (dir. Andrzej Wajda), and *Wierna rzeka* in 1983[14](https://literat.ug.edu.pl/%7Eliterat/autors/zeromski.htm) • [1](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski).\n\n## Zakopane and public life\n\nDuring the 1905 revolution Żeromski sympathized with the PPS ([Polish Socialist Party](https://www.edgepedia.org/polish-socialist-party)), but he saw communism as a threat to Polish statehood; in his youthful *Dzienniki* he wrote that \"his conscience is the Fatherland\"[20](https://wpolityce.pl/kultura/stefan-zeromski-jednym-z-patronow-roku-2025,121092). He was an advocate of the cooperative movement and proposed the name \"Społem\", from 1906 the title of the first cooperative newspaper in the Polish lands[20](https://wpolityce.pl/kultura/stefan-zeromski-jednym-z-patronow-roku-2025,121092).\n\n**World War I and Zakopane.** During the war he served as an officer in the military department of the Supreme National Committee in Kraków and as deputy secretary of the Supreme Zakopane Committee[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography). In 1918 he belonged to the organizers of Polish state authority in Podhale and served as president of the so-called Zakopane Republic, and in the same year he was elected chairman of the National Council of the Republic of Zakopane[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/) • [5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography).\n\n**Institutions.** In 1920 he was co-founder and first president of the Związek Zawodowy Literatów Polskich (Union of Professional Polish Writers), and he took part with Jan Kasprowicz and Władysław Kozicki in the Warmia and [Masuria](https://www.edgepedia.org/masuria) plebiscite campaign[7](https://zeromski.org/patron/) • [5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography). On his initiative the Polish branch of PEN Club was established and he became its president; the Museum of Stefan Żeromski dates this to 1925, while the PWN entry reproduced by his foundation gives 1924[5](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography) • [7](https://zeromski.org/patron/).\n\n## References\n\n1. [Stefan Żeromski, Encyclopaedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stefan-Zeromski)\n2. [Żeromski the Magnificent!, National Endowment for the Humanities](https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2012/januaryfebruary/feature/zeromski-the-magnificent)\n3. [Żeromski: spór o rolę sztuki w niepodległej Polsce, Teologia Polityczna](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/zeromski-artysta-uwieziony-w-polskosci)\n4. [100. rocznica śmierci Stefana Żeromskiego, Biblioteka Narodowa](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5850-100-rocznica-smierci-stefana-zeromskiego.html)\n5. [Biography, Museum of Stefan Żeromski, Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie](https://mnki.pl/en/muzeum-stefana-zeromskiego/biography)\n6. [ŻEROMSKI Stefan (1864-1925), Słownik biograficzny UWS](https://slownik-biograficzny.uws.edu.pl/slownik/327-zeromski-stefan-1864-1925-ps-literackie-maurycy-zych-jozef-kater-la-stefan-iksmorez-polski-powiesciopisarz-nowelista-poeta-dramaturg-publicysta.html)\n7. [Patron, Fundacja im. Stefana Żeromskiego (Encyklopedia PWN)](https://zeromski.org/patron/)\n8. [Przedwiośnie – rękopis autograf, Pamięć Polski](https://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/przedwiosnie-autograf/)\n9. [Żeromski OdNowa. Co się stało z tym dziedzictwem?, UJK Kielce](https://ilij.ujk.edu.pl/zeromski-odnowa-co-sie-stalo-z-tym-dziedzictwem/)\n10. [Żeromski Stefan, Muzeum Historii Kielc](https://mhki.kielce.eu/kielczanie/zeromski-stefan)\n11. [Fortuna z Popiołów. Sto lat temu zmarł Stefan Żeromski, Polityka](https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/2323001,1,fortuna-z-popiolow-sto-lat-temu-zmarl-stefan-zeromski-dlaczego-o-nim-nie-pamietamy.read)\n12. [Stefan Żeromski – pisarz pamięci. Wystawa w Bibliotece Narodowej](https://www.bn.org.pl/aktualnosci/5845-stefan-zeromski---pisarz-pamieci-wystawa-w-bibliotece-narodowej.html)\n13. [Żeromski w Muzeum Literatury, Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza](https://muzeumliteratury.pl/zeromski-w-muzeum-literatury/)\n14. [Stefan Żeromski, literat.ug.edu.pl, Uniwersytet Gdański](https://literat.ug.edu.pl/%7Eliterat/autors/zeromski.htm)\n15. [IX Festiwal Teologii Politycznej: Stefan Żeromski, Teologia Polityczna](https://teologiapolityczna.pl/stefan-zeromski-patriota-inteligent-pisarz-podsumowanie-ix-festiwal-teologii-politycznej)\n16. [Brutalnie prawdziwa rzeczywistość – Rozdzióbią nas kruki, wrony…, ZPE](https://zpe.gov.pl/a/przeczytaj/DUUlnhFDH)\n17. [Żeromski wobec pozytywizmu i romantyzmu, Sciaga.pl](https://sciaga.pl/tekst/1338-2-zeromski_wobec_pozytywizmu_i_romantyzmu)\n18. [100 lat temu zmarł Stefan Żeromski, wPolityce](https://wpolityce.pl/historia/100-lat-temu-zmarl-stefan-zeromski,95602)\n19. [Popioły Stefana Żeromskiego jako narracja postkolonialna, PAN journal](https://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/86178/mainfile.pdf?handler=pdf)\n20. [Stefan Żeromski jednym z patronów roku 2025, wPolityce](https://wpolityce.pl/kultura/stefan-zeromski-jednym-z-patronow-roku-2025,121092)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Literature and written works › Writers and literary biographies › Fiction writers: novelists and genre › Continental European literary novelists › Early 20th-century novelists*\n\n*Initially written Oct 10, 2026 · Edited: Oct 11, 2026; Oct 15, 2026; Oct 21, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Stefan Żeromski\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Stefan Żeromski](https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski](https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Stefan Żeromski\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/stefan-zeromski. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Stefan Żeromski was a Polish novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist hailed at his death as the \"conscience of Polish literature\", known for Syzyfowe prace, Popioły, and Przedwiośnie." }