{ "id": "ep9tc85k9q", "slug": "the-road-to-mandalay", "title": "The Road to Mandalay", "updated": "2026-11-01", "topic_path": [ { "id": "culture", "label": "Arts and culture", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture" }, { "id": "culture.performance", "label": "Screen and stage", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen", "label": "Film and television", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films", "label": "Films and standalone screen works", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works", "label": "Individual films by title and year", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works" }, { "id": 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"https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.asia.t2001.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical" } ] } ], "excerpt": "The Road to Mandalay (再見瓦城, Zaijian wa cheng) is a 2016 drama by Midi Z about Burmese migrants Lianqing and Guo in Thailand; Venice Days Fedeora winner, Golden Horse closing film, Metascore 80.", "snippet": "The Road to Mandalay (再見瓦城, Zaijian wa cheng) is a 2016 drama by Midi Z about Burmese migrants Lianqing and Guo in Thailand; Venice Days Fedeora winner, Golden Horse closing film, Metascore 80.", "node": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-2015-to-2019.drama-films-2015-and-2016.yr-2016", "markdown": "# The Road to Mandalay\n\n**The Road to Mandalay** (再見瓦城, *Zaijian wa cheng*, literally \"Goodbye Mandalay\") is a 2016 drama film written and directed by Midi Z about two illegal Burmese migrants, Lianqing and Guo, who meet while being smuggled into Thailand and struggle to build lives in Bangkok[1](https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-road-to-mandalay/). It was a coproduction of Taiwan, Myanmar, France, and Germany, runs 108 minutes, and premiered at the 2016 [Venice Film Festival](https://www.edgepedia.org/venice-film-festival) in the Venice Days (Giornate degli Autori) section, where it won the Fedeora Award for Best Film[1](https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-road-to-mandalay/) • [2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf). The English title echoes [Rudyard Kipling](https://www.edgepedia.org/rudyard-kipling)'s 1890s poem \"Mandalay\", while the Chinese title points the other way, toward leaving; critics have read the two directions as expressing the film's disenchantment with promises of a better life abroad[1](https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-road-to-mandalay/) • [3](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1930577).\n\n| Key fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Director and writer | Midi Z, a Burmese-born filmmaker based in Taipei; his fourth narrative feature[4](https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2050051/film-review-road-mandalay-kai-ko-and-wu-ke-xi-elevate-ponderous-tale?module=inline&pgtype=article) |\n| Premiere | Venice Days, Venice International Film Festival, September 5, 2016; Fedeora Award for Best Film[5](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/releaseinfo/) • [2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf) |\n| Cast | Kai Ko as Guo, Wu Ke-xi as Lianqing, with Wang Shin-hong[6](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/) |\n| Runtime and languages | 108 minutes; Burmese, Thai, and Chinese[6](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/) |\n| Golden Horse | Closing film of the 2016 Golden Horse Film Festival; six Golden Horse Awards nominations, including Best Feature Film and Best Director; Midi Z named Outstanding Taiwanese Filmmaker of the Year[7](https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/fpp/completed/detail/12) |\n| Critical scores | Metascore 80 (9 positive, 0 mixed, 0 negative reviews); 87% on the Rotten Tomatoes Tomatometer from 15 reviews; 6.9/10 on IMDb[8](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/) • [9](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_road_to_mandalay_2016) |\n| Funding | €30,000 from the Berlinale World Cinema Fund, awarded in November 2015[2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf) |\n\n## Spoilers\n\n### Plot\n\nThe film follows a trafficking route described as well established: from Burma into Thailand across the Mekong River at Tchilek, along quiet country roads, past bribed police checkpoints, and into Bangkok, where the illegal migrants are left on their own[10](https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/umc.cmc.649l3eshyo3j9ul13neue056f). Lianqing travels this route with a group of migrants; a fellow migrant, Guo, is kind to her along the way, and their fates become entwined[10](https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/umc.cmc.649l3eshyo3j9ul13neue056f). On the journey Guo gives up the seat he has paid extra for, hiding in the boot of the vehicle so that Lianqing can ride in front[11](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/28/the-road-to-mandalay-review-burma-migrants).\n\nIn Bangkok the two pursue different goals. Lianqing works long shifts as a dishwasher, sends money home, and saves for fake identity papers, hoping eventually to reach Taiwan[10](https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/umc.cmc.649l3eshyo3j9ul13neue056f) • [11](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/28/the-road-to-mandalay-review-burma-migrants). After an arrest at the restaurant, Guo helps her find better-paid work in a rural textile factory[4](https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2050051/film-review-road-mandalay-kai-ko-and-wu-ke-xi-elevate-ponderous-tale?module=inline&pgtype=article). Guo wants to earn enough to return to Burma and open a shop, and asks whether she has thought of marriage; she has not[12](https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-road-to-mandalay-venice-review/5108987.article). In the director's note printed in the Berlinale World Cinema Fund booklet, Midi Z frames the conflict around proof of existence: Guo needs love to prove his existence, while Lianqing desperately needs her papers, and in the end Guo chooses destruction to prove his[2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf).\n\nThe sources disagree on one background detail: Apple TV's synopsis places Lianqing's journey in the summer of 2013[10](https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/umc.cmc.649l3eshyo3j9ul13neue056f), while the Mumbai Film Festival catalog places it in 2011[13](https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/media/1276/mami_festival_catalogue-2016.pdf).\n\n### Interpretation and themes\n\nScholarly writing has treated the film as social commentary on migrant labor. A 2021 article in the *Journal of International Development* reads Lianqing's story against Thai melodramas about rural women falling into Bangkok's sex industry, arguing that the film instead foregrounds the political economy of undocumented work: silhouetted Burmese women behind a veiled partition serve as a visual metaphor for Thailand's hidden workforce, and a fellow worker who loses his leg in a factory power outage is casually dismissed with nominal pay[3](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1930577). Chialan Sharon Wang, writing in *Asian Cinema* (2021), interprets the film through Deleuze's concept of minor literature and Agamben's \"bare life\", arguing that it gives voice to Burmese immigrants deprived of civil rights and subject to the violence of neoliberal biopower[21](https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/ac_00031_1?TRACK=RSS).\n\nThe same scholarship notes the divergence between the English and Chinese titles: named after Kipling's poem, the film's Chinese title 再见瓦城 means \"Goodbye Mandalay\", and the opposing directions of \"the road to\" and \"goodbye\" carry the narrative's sense of disenchantment[3](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1930577).\n\n## Production\n\nMidi Z was born in 1982 in the sinophone community of Lashio in northern Myanmar and left for Taiwan at sixteen, in 1998[14](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2016/11/08/a-rangoun-midi-z-entre-le-doigt-du-censeur-et-l-enthousiasme-de-la-foule_6004813_3476.html). The Guardian notes that his own siblings left Burma to work as migrant workers in Thailand[11](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/28/the-road-to-mandalay-review-burma-migrants). While developing the story he interviewed more than a hundred illegal Burmese immigrants in Thailand[15](https://www.giornatedegliautori.com/public/documenti1/Midi%20Z%20-%20The%20Road%20to%20Mandalay_eng9250820161025160.pdf).\n\nThe film marked a shift in Midi Z's career. A [University of California](https://www.edgepedia.org/university-of-california) dissertation divides his work into a short-film period, a \"guerrilla filmmaking\" period (the Homecoming Trilogy of *Return to Burma*, *Poor Folk*, and *Ice Poison*), and a commercial period that begins with *The Road to Mandalay* and *Nina Wu* (2019), in which festival success brought larger budgets and international funding[16](https://escholarship.org/content/qt7619x20c/qt7619x20c_noSplash_8f189d57e71c1603f8ba3f7024ece676.pdf?t=ri53na). Bombay Berlin Film Production joined as the German coproducer[17](https://www.screendaily.com/cannes/midi-zs-road-to-mandalay-secures-german-co-producer/5103979.article), and the World Cinema Fund contributed €30,000[2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf). Tom Fan was the cinematographer, Matthieu Laclau the editor, and Lim Giong the composer; Patrick Mao Huang and Midi Z produced[1](https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-road-to-mandalay/).\n\n## Release and reception\n\nAfter the Venice premiere on September 5, 2016, the film screened at the Toronto, Busan, Vancouver, Mumbai, and São Paulo festivals, among others, and closed the 2016 Golden Horse Film Festival[2](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf) • [18](https://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?id=393&lang=en). It opened in Taiwan on December 9, 2016[6](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/) and in France on April 26, 2017, under the title *Adieu Mandalay*[19](https://en.unifrance.org/movie/42577/the-road-to-mandalay). At the Asia-Pacific Film Festival it was nominated for eight awards and won the Best Director prize for Midi Z[20](https://www.filmmovementplus.com/toronto-international-film-festival/videos/the-road-to-mandalay).\n\nCritics received the film favorably. Metacritic recorded a Metascore of 80 from nine reviews, all positive[8](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/). Allan Hunter of Screen Daily praised Midi Z's control of mood, pace, and performance[12](https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-road-to-mandalay-venice-review/5108987.article); Richard Kuipers in Variety placed the director \"in the top rank of Asian social realists\"[8](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/); and Cath Clarke in The Guardian called it \"a real empathy machine of a movie\"[11](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/28/the-road-to-mandalay-review-burma-migrants). Reviewers repeatedly noted the combination of realist settings with dreamlike or surreal touches, such as a hotel scene in which Lianqing is terrorized by a large iguana[8](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/) • [12](https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-road-to-mandalay-venice-review/5108987.article). The most negative notices objected to pacing or to the violent ending; [Roger Moore](https://www.edgepedia.org/roger-moore) found the middle acts slow, and one reviewer called the denouement unnecessarily cruel[8](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/) • [9](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_road_to_mandalay_2016).\n\n## Screening in Myanmar\n\nOn November 7, 2016, the film was shown at the Waziya cinema in Yangon as part of the Memory film festival, the first screening of any Midi Z film in Myanmar; the director had never submitted his earlier films to the Burmese censors[14](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2016/11/08/a-rangoun-midi-z-entre-le-doigt-du-censeur-et-l-enthousiasme-de-la-foule_6004813_3476.html). According to [Le Monde](https://www.edgepedia.org/le-monde)'s report, Burmese censorship works by a man posted in the projection booth placing his finger over the lens when a contentious shot appears; here only the final shot, which shows an image of the Buddha, was obscured. Hundreds of spectators attended, and Midi Z told them the cut was not serious, since they had seen the whole story and the law should be respected[14](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2016/11/08/a-rangoun-midi-z-entre-le-doigt-du-censeur-et-l-enthousiasme-de-la-foule_6004813_3476.html).\n\n## Other uses of the title\n\nThe title was previously used for a 1926 MGM silent melodrama directed by [Tod Browning](https://www.edgepedia.org/tod-browning) and starring [Lon Chaney](https://www.edgepedia.org/lon-chaney), released on June 28, 1926, which also took its name from Kipling's poem[22](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/11731-THE-ROAD-TO-MANDALAY?cxt=filmography).\n\n## References\n\n1. [The Road to Mandalay, Festival des 3 Continents](https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-road-to-mandalay/)\n2. [The Road to Mandalay / Zai Jian Wa Cheng, Berlinale World Cinema Fund booklet](https://berlinale.1kcloud.com/ep15e5807d3d640d/epaper/WCF_Booklet_2025.pdf)\n3. [Agency, precarity and recognition: reframing South East Asian female migrant workers on screen, Journal of International Development (2021)](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0967828X.2021.1930577)\n4. [Film review: The Road to Mandalay, South China Morning Post (2016)](https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2050051/film-review-road-mandalay-kai-ko-and-wu-ke-xi-elevate-ponderous-tale?module=inline&pgtype=article)\n5. [The Road to Mandalay (2016) release info, IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/releaseinfo/)\n6. [The Road to Mandalay (2016), IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5974402/)\n7. [The Road to Mandalay, Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival](https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/fpp/completed/detail/12)\n8. [The Road to Mandalay critic reviews, Metacritic](https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/critic-reviews/)\n9. [The Road to Mandalay (2016), Rotten Tomatoes](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_road_to_mandalay_2016)\n10. [The Road to Mandalay, Apple TV](https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-road-to-mandalay/umc.cmc.649l3eshyo3j9ul13neue056f)\n11. [The Road to Mandalay review, The Guardian (2017)](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/sep/28/the-road-to-mandalay-review-burma-migrants)\n12. [The Road to Mandalay: Venice Review, Screen Daily (2016)](https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-road-to-mandalay-venice-review/5108987.article)\n13. [Mumbai Film Festival catalogue 2016](https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/media/1276/mami_festival_catalogue-2016.pdf)\n14. [À Rangoun, Midi Z entre le doigt du censeur et l'enthousiasme de la foule, Le Monde (2016)](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2016/11/08/a-rangoun-midi-z-entre-le-doigt-du-censeur-et-l-enthousiasme-de-la-foule_6004813_3476.html)\n15. [Midi Z, The Road to Mandalay press materials, Giornate degli Autori](https://www.giornatedegliautori.com/public/documenti1/Midi%20Z%20-%20The%20Road%20to%20Mandalay_eng9250820161025160.pdf)\n16. [University of California dissertation on Midi Z's film career, eScholarship](https://escholarship.org/content/qt7619x20c/qt7619x20c_noSplash_8f189d57e71c1603f8ba3f7024ece676.pdf?t=ri53na)\n17. [Midi Z's Road to Mandalay secures German co-producer, Screen Daily (2016)](https://www.screendaily.com/cannes/midi-zs-road-to-mandalay-secures-german-co-producer/5103979.article)\n18. [The Road to Mandalay, Five Flavours Asian Film Festival archive](https://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?id=393&lang=en)\n19. [The Road to Mandalay, Unifrance](https://en.unifrance.org/movie/42577/the-road-to-mandalay)\n20. [The Road to Mandalay, Film Movement Plus](https://www.filmmovementplus.com/toronto-international-film-festival/videos/the-road-to-mandalay)\n21. [Border-crossing and the narrative of the minor: Midi Z's The Road to Mandalay, Asian Cinema (2021)](https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/ac_00031_1?TRACK=RSS)\n22. [The Road to Mandalay (1926), AFI Catalog](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/11731-THE-ROAD-TO-MANDALAY?cxt=filmography)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Drama and biographical films (individual works) › Drama films 2015 to 2019 › Drama films 2015 and 2016 › Released in 2016*\n\n*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 25, 2026; Nov 1, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"The Road to Mandalay\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[The Road to Mandalay](https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay](https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"The Road to Mandalay\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/the-road-to-mandalay. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "The Road to Mandalay is a 2016 drama by Midi Z about Burmese migrants Lianqing and Guo in Thailand; Venice Days Fedeora winner, Golden Horse closing film, Metascore 80." }