{ "id": "epzmvseg1n", "slug": "wanda-1970-film", "title": "Wanda (1970 film)", "updated": "2026-11-01", "topic_path": [ { "id": "culture", "label": "Arts and culture", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture" }, { "id": "culture.performance", "label": "Screen and stage", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen", "label": "Film and television", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films", "label": "Films and standalone screen works", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works", "label": "Individual films by title and year", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical", "label": "Drama and biographical films (individual works)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s", "label": "Drama films 1970s", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s" }, { "id": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s.yr-1970-1974", "label": "Released 1970 to 1974", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s.yr-1970-1974" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s", "label": "United States · 1946 to 2000: Drama films 1970s", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s", "path": [ { "id": "geo.us", "label": "United States", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946", "label": "United States · 1946 to 2000", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture", "label": "Arts and culture", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance", "label": "Screen and stage", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen", "label": "Film and television", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films", "label": "Films and standalone screen works", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works", "label": "Individual films by title and year", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical", "label": "Drama and biographical films (individual works)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical" }, { "id": "geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s", "label": "Drama films 1970s", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t1946.culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s" } ] } ], "excerpt": "Wanda (1970) is Barbara Loden's only feature as director, an American independent drama she wrote, directed, and starred in; it won the International Critics' Prize at Venice 1970 and ranks joint 48th in the 2022 Sight and Sound critics' poll.", "snippet": "Wanda (1970) is Barbara Loden's only feature as director, an American independent drama she wrote, directed, and starred in; it won the International Critics' Prize at Venice 1970 and ranks joint 48th in the 2022 Sight and Sound critics' poll.", "node": "culture.performance.screen.films.films.individual-works.drama-biographical.drama-films-1970s.yr-1970-1974", "markdown": "# Wanda (1970 film)\n\n*Wanda* is a 1970 American independent drama written, directed, produced by, and starring [Barbara Loden](https://www.edgepedia.org/barbara-loden), who plays a Pennsylvania coal-country housewife who abandons her marriage and drifts through bars and motels before falling in with a bank robber. It was Loden's first and only feature film as a director, premiered at the 1970 [Venice Film Festival](https://www.edgepedia.org/venice-film-festival), where it won the International Critics' Prize, and is now widely regarded as a landmark of American independent and feminist cinema.[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda) • [2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA)\n\n| Key fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Credits | Written, directed, produced by, and starring Barbara Loden; photographed and edited by Nicholas T. Proferes; produced by Harry Shuster[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda) • [2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) |\n| Production | Shot on 16mm over ten weeks in Pennsylvania and Connecticut with a crew of about four, using non-professional actors except Loden and Michael Higgins[3](https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/staying-with-trouble-ending-wanda) • [4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101) |\n| Budget | Reported as $82,000 in a 1971 trade review; Variety estimated about $100,000[5](https://repository.stu.edu/ulma/va/3005/1971/04-23-1971.pdf) • [6](https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blog/wanda-at-50/) |\n| Release | Venice premiere 21 August 1970; New York opening 28 February 1971 in a single theater[2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) • [7](https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/wanda/) |\n| Award | International Critics' Prize for Best Film at the 1970 Venice Film Festival, as the only American entry[2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) |\n| Critical standing | Ranked joint 48th in the 2022 Sight and Sound critics' poll and joint 93rd in the directors' poll[8](https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/82acb1a1-c6c7-5478-a27e-b0c76e0d244c/wanda) |\n| Restoration | 2K restoration by the UCLA Film & Television Archive, funded by The Film Foundation and Gucci; released by the Criterion Collection as Spine #965[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda) |\n\n## Spoilers\n\n### Story and origins\n\nThe film follows Wanda Goronski, a distant, soft-spoken woman who leaves her husband, gives up custody of her children, and drifts through dingy bars and motels in Pennsylvania coal country, where a series of callous men mistreat her. She eventually falls in with Mr. Dennis (Michael Higgins), a petty criminal on the run who ropes her into a bank robbery.[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda) • [9](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wanda)\n\n**Origin of the story.** Loden based the character on a news story she had read about a woman who thanked a judge for sentencing her to jail, because imprisonment offered a respite from the drudgery of daily life. Loden said she was fascinated by the woman's sense of relief, asking why she had reached a state where being sent to jail seemed a good thing.[10](https://player.bfi.org.uk/subscription/film/watch-wanda-1970-online) • [6](https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blog/wanda-at-50/) She wrote the screenplay in 1962, originally to give herself a good acting role, and after failing to interest studios or directors decided to make the film herself when Harry Shuster agreed to finance it.[2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) • [11](https://files.ehive.com/accounts/202990/objects/files/a12633ad9fba43d08ae5f60906352db7.pdf)\n\n## Production and style\n\nFilming took place in the fall of 1969, over ten weeks in or near [Scranton, Pennsylvania](https://www.edgepedia.org/scranton-pennsylvania), and in [Connecticut](https://www.edgepedia.org/connecticut), with a small crew and non-professional actors apart from Loden and Michael Higgins. Nicholas T. Proferes, whose hand-held camera work was crucial to the film's quasi-documentary feel, served as both cinematographer and editor; the onscreen credits read, in their entirety, \"A film by Barbara Loden with Nicholas T. Proferes.\"[2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) • [4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101)\n\nThe film was shot in a cinéma vérité style on grainy 16mm stock and blown up to 35mm for release. It carries no background music, and critics have described it as a road movie without the exhilaration of the open road and a Bonnie-and-Clyde drama minus the glamour. Loden cited Godard's *Breathless* and [Andy Warhol](https://www.edgepedia.org/andy-warhol) as influences, though her improvisational acting and directing have most often drawn comparisons to [John Cassavetes](https://www.edgepedia.org/john-cassavetes), comparisons she herself rejected.[4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101) • [12](https://www.ocec.eu/cinemacomparativecinema/pdf/ccc08/ccc8-eng.pdf) She declared in an interview, \"I really hate slick pictures,\" and the film's anti-commercialism shows in its dingy locations and unpredictable rhythms.[13](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5811-wanda-now-reflections-on-barbara-loden-s-feminist-masterpiece%2C%20but%20also%20B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice%20Reynaud%2C%202002)\n\n## Release and reception\n\n*Wanda* premiered at the Venice Film Festival on 21 August 1970 as the only American entry, where it won the International Critics' Prize for Best Film; Variety's George Moskowitz reported from Venice that the film was the festival's surprise hit. It opened in New York on 28 February 1971 and in Los Angeles on 31 March 1971.[2](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA) • [6](https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blog/wanda-at-50/)\n\nAmerican reception was divided. Vincent Canby praised \"the absolute accuracy of its effects, the decency of its point of view and the kind of purity of technique that can only be the result of conscious discipline,\" but [Pauline Kael](https://www.edgepedia.org/pauline-kael) and others found the film drab, with Kael calling it \"such an extremely drab and limited piece of realism that it makes Zola seem like musical comedy.\"[4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101) • [14](https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/lost-in-the-landscape-the-legacy-of-barbara-lodens-iwandai-1970-o/) The film played in one Manhattan theater, Cinema II, and was never shown in the rest of the country; the *New York Times* later described it as \"a critical hit but failed to create excitement at the box-office.\"[7](https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/wanda/) In Europe it fared better: it was screened at the 1979 Edinburgh Film Festival and in Deauville in 1980, and the novelist [Marguerite Duras](https://www.edgepedia.org/marguerite-duras) said, \"I believe there's a miracle in Wanda.\"[7](https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/wanda/) • [13](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5811-wanda-now-reflections-on-barbara-loden-s-feminist-masterpiece%2C%20but%20also%20B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice%20Reynaud%2C%202002)\n\n## Neglect and rediscovery\n\nFor roughly thirty years, film histories largely ignored *Wanda*, including books on the new auteurs of the 1970s, feminist film, and the rise of women directors; Loden and her film fell outside most film histories, even feminist film history.[4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101) • [12](https://www.ocec.eu/cinemacomparativecinema/pdf/ccc08/ccc8-eng.pdf) Loden, who died of cancer in 1980 at the age of 48, never made another feature. Shortly before her death she said, \"There's so much I didn't achieve, but I tried to be independent and to create my own way.\"[6](https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blog/wanda-at-50/) • [4](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101)\n\n**Reassessment.** From the 2000s onward the film's position has been reassessed by critics and academics, and after years with very few public screenings it is now widely recognized as an American classic. The UCLA Film & Television Archive restored it from the original 16mm A/B rolls and a 35mm print, and the Criterion Collection issued it in 2018 as Spine #965 with supplements including Katja Raganelli's documentary *I Am Wanda* and a 1971 recording of Loden speaking to [American Film Institute](https://www.edgepedia.org/american-film-institute) students.[14](https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/lost-in-the-landscape-the-legacy-of-barbara-lodens-iwandai-1970-o/) • [10](https://player.bfi.org.uk/subscription/film/watch-wanda-1970-online) • [1](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda) In the 2022 [Sight and Sound](https://www.edgepedia.org/sight-and-sound) poll it ranked joint 48th among critics and joint 93rd among directors, and it has been cited as an influence by actors and filmmakers including [Isabelle Huppert](https://www.edgepedia.org/isabelle-huppert), John Waters, and Vincent Gallo.[8](https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/82acb1a1-c6c7-5478-a27e-b0c76e0d244c/wanda) • [15](https://www.austinfilm.org/films/wanda/)\n\nScholars have read the film as a feminist work of refusal rather than empowerment: it centers a passive, alienated working-class woman who is mostly non-resistant to male manipulation, and Loden emphasized that the film was not about women's liberation but about oppression within a system that devalues women's labor.[12](https://www.ocec.eu/cinemacomparativecinema/pdf/ccc08/ccc8-eng.pdf) • [3](https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/staying-with-trouble-ending-wanda) Elena Gorfinkel, a film scholar at [King's College London](https://www.edgepedia.org/kings-college-london), curated the BFI Southbank season \"Wanda and Beyond: The World of Barbara Loden\" in June 2025 and authored a BFI Film Classics study of the film.[16](https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/78/4/81/212039/Wanda-and-Beyond) • [17](https://www.bloomsbury.com/media/dcwdmekb/academic-new-books-catalogue-october-december-2025.pdf)\n\n## References\n\n1. [Wanda, The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda)\n2. [Wanda, AFI Catalog of Feature Films](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54243-WANDA)\n3. [Staying with the trouble: the ending of Wanda, Sight and Sound (BFI)](https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/staying-with-trouble-ending-wanda)\n4. [Film Notes: WANDA, Yale University Library](https://web.library.yale.edu/film/notes/fn00101)\n5. [Movie reviews, April 23, 1971, University of Miami repository](https://repository.stu.edu/ulma/va/3005/1971/04-23-1971.pdf)\n6. [Wanda at 50, UCLA Film & Television Archive](https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/blog/wanda-at-50/)\n7. [For Wanda, Bérénice Reynaud, Senses of Cinema (2002)](https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/wanda/)\n8. [Wanda (1970), BFI](https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/82acb1a1-c6c7-5478-a27e-b0c76e0d244c/wanda)\n9. [Wanda, Rotten Tomatoes](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wanda)\n10. [Watch Wanda online, BFI Player](https://player.bfi.org.uk/subscription/film/watch-wanda-1970-online)\n11. [Wanda film notes (Kodachrome, 105 minutes), eHive object file](https://files.ehive.com/accounts/202990/objects/files/a12633ad9fba43d08ae5f60906352db7.pdf)\n12. [Nothing of the Sort: Barbara Loden's Wanda (1970), Cristina Álvarez López and Adrian Martin, Cinema Comparat/ive Cinema](https://www.ocec.eu/cinemacomparativecinema/pdf/ccc08/ccc8-eng.pdf)\n13. [Wanda Now: Reflections on Barbara Loden's Feminist Masterpiece, The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5811-wanda-now-reflections-on-barbara-loden-s-feminist-masterpiece%2C%20but%20also%20B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice%20Reynaud%2C%202002)\n14. [Lost in the landscape: the legacy of Barbara Loden's Wanda (1970), Queen's University Belfast](https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/lost-in-the-landscape-the-legacy-of-barbara-lodens-iwandai-1970-o/)\n15. [WANDA, Austin Film Society](https://www.austinfilm.org/films/wanda/)\n16. [Wanda and Beyond, Elena Gorfinkel, Film Quarterly (2025)](https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/78/4/81/212039/Wanda-and-Beyond)\n17. [BFI Film Classics catalogue, Bloomsbury](https://www.bloomsbury.com/media/dcwdmekb/academic-new-books-catalogue-october-december-2025.pdf)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Drama and biographical films (individual works) › Drama films 1970s › Released 1970 to 1974*\n\n*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 15, 2026; Oct 25, 2026; Nov 1, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"Wanda (1970 film)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[Wanda (1970 film)](https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film](https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"Wanda (1970 film)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/wanda-1970-film. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "Wanda is Barbara Loden's only feature as director, an American independent drama she wrote, directed, and starred in; it won the International Critics' Prize at Venice 1970 and ranks joint 48th in the 2022 Sight and Sound critics' poll." }