{ "id": "ep8jz3t6x3", "slug": "william-c-canby-jr", "title": "William C. Canby, Jr.", "updated": "2026-09-29", "topic_path": [ { "id": "society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society" }, { "id": "society.law", "label": "Law and justice", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law" }, { "id": "society.law.practice", "label": "Courts and legal practice", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people", "label": "Legal biographies", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us", "label": "United States judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal", "label": "US federal judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3", "label": "Article III judges (district and appellate)", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges", "label": "United States courts of appeals judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges" }, { "id": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges.alpha-a-to-c", "label": "Surnames A to C", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/topics/society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges.alpha-a-to-c" } ], "geo": [ { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges", "label": "United States · 2021 and later: United States courts of appeals judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges", "path": [ { "id": "geo.us", "label": "United States", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021", "label": "United States · 2021 and later", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society", "label": "Society and history", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law", "label": "Law and justice", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice", "label": "Courts and legal practice", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people", "label": "Legal biographies", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us", "label": "United States judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal", "label": "US federal judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal" }, { "id": "geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges", "label": "United States courts of appeals judges", "api_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/api/v1/geo/geo.us.t2021.society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges" } ] } ], "excerpt": "William C. Canby, Jr. (born 1931) is an American jurist, a senior judge on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals who was appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.", "snippet": "William C. Canby, Jr. (born 1931) is an American jurist, a senior judge on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals who was appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.", "node": "society.law.practice.people.people.judges.us.federal.article3.appeals-judges.alpha-a-to-c", "markdown": "# William C. Canby, Jr.\n\nWilliam Cameron Canby, Jr. (born 1931) is an American jurist serving as a senior judge of the [United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit](https://www.edgepedia.org/united-states-court-of-appeals-for-the-ninth-circuit) since 1996.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He was appointed to the court by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) Before joining the bench, he was a professor of law at [Arizona State University](https://www.edgepedia.org/arizona-state-university) and a founding faculty member of its College of Law, where he helped create the Indian Law Program.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\n| Fact | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n| Appointed by | Jimmy Carter[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n| Confirmed | May 21, 1980, by voice vote[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n| Senior status | May 23, 1996[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n| Born | 1931, St. Paul, Minnesota[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n| Education | B.A., Yale University, 1953; LL.B., University of Minnesota Law School, 1956[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) |\n\n## Early life and education\n\nCanby was born in 1931 in St. Paul, Minnesota.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He graduated from Yale University in 1953 and from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, where he was a member of the [Order of the Coif](https://www.edgepedia.org/order-of-the-coif) and [Phi Beta Kappa](https://www.edgepedia.org/phi-beta-kappa).[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\n## Legal career\n\nAfter law school, Canby served as a lieutenant and judge advocate in the [United States Air Force](https://www.edgepedia.org/united-states-air-force) from 1956 to 1958.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He then clerked for Associate Justice Charles E. Whittaker of the [Supreme Court of the United States](https://www.edgepedia.org/supreme-court-of-the-united-states) from 1958 to 1959.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) During his clerkship, the Supreme Court decided Williams v. Lee, a case that the ASU law school describes as sparking Canby's lifelong interest in Indian law.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\nCanby practiced law in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1959 to 1962.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) In 1977, while a professor at Arizona State University, he successfully argued Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, in which the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment allows lawyers to advertise in a manner that is not misleading to the general public.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\nFrom 1962 to 1966, Canby served with the United States Peace Corps in Africa: as associate director in Ethiopia from 1962 to 1963, deputy director in Ethiopia from 1963 to 1964, and director in Uganda from 1964 to 1966.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He then served as special assistant to Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota in Washington, D.C., in 1966, and as special assistant to [Harris Wofford](https://www.edgepedia.org/harris-wofford), president of the [State University of New York](https://www.edgepedia.org/state-university-of-new-york) at Old Westbury, in 1967.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816)\n\nIn 1967, Canby joined Arizona State University as a professor of law, serving until 1980.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He was a founding faculty member of the university's College of Law, taught its first classes in Indian law, and was instrumental in the creation of the Indian Law Program; he also directed the school's Office of Indian Law.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) • [2](https://law.asu.edu/canby) He was a visiting Fulbright professor of law at [Makerere University](https://www.edgepedia.org/makerere-university) in Kampala, Uganda, from 1970 to 1971.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) As a scholar, he has testified before Congress and authored law review articles, a major textbook, and Canby's American Indian Law in a Nutshell, now in its eighth edition.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\n## Federal judicial service\n\nPresident [Jimmy Carter](https://www.edgepedia.org/jimmy-carter) nominated Canby to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on April 2, 1980.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) The Senate confirmed him by voice vote on May 21, 1980, and he received his commission on May 23, 1980.[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) He assumed senior status on May 23, 1996, and remains a senior circuit judge seated in [Phoenix, Arizona](https://www.edgepedia.org/phoenix-arizona).[1](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816) • [3](https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/about/judges/)\n\n## Notable cases\n\nIn Mujahid v. Sumner, a Hawaii district court declared Hawaii Administrative Rules 17-203-11(g)(4) and (i) unconstitutional but granted qualified immunity to prison officials in their individual capacities and dismissed the plaintiff's damages claims. On July 22, 1993, a Ninth Circuit panel on which Canby sat, alongside Judges Ferdinand Francis Fernandez and Thomas G. Nelson, affirmed the district court's decision.[4](https://clearinghouse.net/case/11910/)\n\nAccording to JudicialFinder, Canby authored ten published opinions for the Ninth Circuit between 2008 and 2010, the most cited of which is Diaz v. Eagle Produce Ltd. Partnership.[5](https://judicialfinder.com/judges/william-canby-jr)\n\nBeyond the bench, Canby returned to Ethiopia in 1999 in an attempt to facilitate peace during the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and he was elected a new member of the American Law Institute in 2013.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby) The Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University holds an annual lecture named in his honor.[2](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n\n## References\n\n1. [Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges: William C. Canby, Jr.](https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378816)\n2. [William C. Canby Jr. Lecture | ASU | Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law](https://law.asu.edu/canby)\n3. [Ninth Circuit Judges](https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/about/judges/)\n4. [Mujahid v. Sumner](https://clearinghouse.net/case/11910/)\n5. [William Cameron Canby Jr.: Judge, Ninth Circuit](https://judicialfinder.com/judges/william-canby-jr)\n\n---\n*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › Law and justice › Courts and legal practice › Legal biographies › United States judges › US federal judges › Article III judges (district and appellate) › United States courts of appeals judges › Surnames A to C*\n\n*Initially written Sep 27, 2026 · Reviewed: Sep 28, 2026; Sep 29, 2026 · Edited: Sep 28, 2026 · Last review: Sep 29, 2026*\n\n*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*\n\nLicense: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license\n", "same_as": [], "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr", "markdown_url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr.md", "license": { "name": "Edgepedia Community License 1.0", "url": "https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license", "summary": "Free with credit, commercial use included. AI training is open to everyone. For other uses, organizations over USD 100M in revenue or 100M monthly users license separately.", "spdx": "LicenseRef-Edgepedia-Community-1.0" }, "credit": "\"William C. Canby, Jr.\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "credit_md": "\"[William C. Canby, Jr.](https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr)\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), [https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr](https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr). [Edgepedia Community License 1.0](https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license).", "credit_html": "\"William C. Canby, Jr.\", Edgepedia (EdgeChat), https://www.edgepedia.org/william-c-canby-jr. Edgepedia Community License 1.0.", "speakable": "William C. Canby, Jr. is an American jurist, a senior judge on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals who was appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980." }