Bet Meir or Amminadav Formation
Bet Meir or Amminadav Formation is the stratigraphic label used for the Early Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) platey limestones at the 'Ein Yabrud quarries in the West Bank, Palestine, whose exact formation assignment, Bet Meir (תצורת בית מאיר) or the overlying Amminadav Formation, has been disputed since the 1980s.1 • 2
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Age | 99.6 to 93.5 Ma, Late/Upper Cretaceous, Early Cenomanian interval1 |
| Type locality | 'Ein Yabrud quarries, West Bank, Palestine; 1 collection, 34 recorded occurrences1 |
| Lithology | Limestone at the recorded collection; the Bet Meir Formation itself is mainly dolostone with chalk, limestone, and marl1 |
| Notable fossils | Ray-finned fish Pachyamia latimaxillaris, Saurorhamphus judeaensis, and Dercetoides sp., plus crustaceans1 |
The two formations
On Geological Survey of Israel maps it carries the unit symbol Kumo with a mapped thickness of 80 m, placed in the Cenomanian within the Judea Group; the overlying Amminadav Formation (unit Kuks) is mapped at 40 to 70 m.3
The two units also differ laterally. Zeev Lewy of the Geological Survey of Israel reported that the limy facies (characteristic appearance of a rock unit reflecting its formation conditions) of the Bet Meir Formation in the eastern Judean Mountains (Gush Ezyon area) grades westwards into well-bedded dolomites, and that the formation shows lateral facies change tied to weak Late Albian to Early Cenomanian tectonism.4 Near Jericho and west of Hebron, limy oyster and rudist biostromes replace the upper Bet Meir dolomites, and the top beds of both the Kesalon and Bet Meir formations are often strongly limonitized, suggesting periods of non-deposition.5
The 'Ein Yabrud assignment problem
The quarries at 'Ein Yabrud produced, among other vertebrates, the plesiopedal mosasaur Haasiasaurus gittelmani. The locality was originally placed in the Bet Meir Formation by Chalifa and Tchernov in 1982; in 1985 Chalifa placed it in the Amminadav Formation instead.2
Lewy's 1990 framework explains why the assignment is difficult. He considered the Bet Meir and Moza formations together to be the lower unit of what he termed a biosedimentary cycle, with the Amminadav Formation as the upper unit; the lower unit of such a cycle is more variable lithologically and more fossiliferous than the upper one. In the case of 'Ein Yabrud, the sediment resembles the dolostone of the Amminadav Formation, but it is of limited extent and may be a local facies of the lower unit.2 The Paleobiology Database consequently records the collection under the combined stratigraphic name "Bet Meir or Amminadav".1
The same ambiguity appears in the regional literature. Braun and Hirsch describe platey limestones at the base of the Amminadav Formation containing fish and snake remains, visible in the quarries of Beitin and En Yabrud north and east of Ramallah, while also discussing the upper Bet Meir dolomites in the same Early Cenomanian succession.5
Fossil record
The recorded collection at 'Ein Yabrud contains crustaceans (subphylum Crustacea) and three ray-finned (actinopterygian) fish taxa: Dercetoides sp., an alepisauriform; Pachyamia latimaxillaris, an amiid of the order Amiiformes; and Saurorhamphus judeaensis, a eurypholid aulopiform, all dated to 99.6 to 93.5 Ma.1
Landscape and practical significance
At Har Tayasim in the Judean Mountains, the Bet Meir Formation is built of alternate layers of limestone and soft marl or clay. This layering shapes the landscape and soils: on north-east facing slopes, trees of Quercus calliprinos and Arbutus andrachne prevail on the soft layers, and the plant communities of the area are highly correlated with rock and soil type. Human activity has worked with the same layering, building stone walls and terraces to preserve agricultural land on similar rock sequences.6
The unit also matters hydrogeologically. A West Bank hydrogeological description lists Bet M'eir as limestone, chalky limestone, and dolomite, 40 to 150 m thick, forming an aquifer, with the Beit Meir tongue constituting an aquiferous layer.7 Rock of the formation has even been reused underground: a hiding refuge tunnel at Kufin, 40 m long in total, was carved into dolomite of the Bet Meir formation and yielded pottery dating to the 1st to 2nd centuries CE.8
References
- BETMEIRORAMMINADAV, West Bank, Palestine, Mindat/Paleobiology Database stratigraphic entry
- Sea-surface temperatures and palaeoenvironments of dolichosaurs and early mosasaurs (ResearchGate)
- Fig 1b: Geological legend, Yechieli et al. report GSI-27-2017, Geological Survey of Israel
- Zeev Lewy, Late Albian - Early Cenomanian weak tectonism and lateral facies changes in central and southern Israel, Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting 1988
- M. Braun and F. Hirsch, Controls on Albian-Cenomanian carbonate platform sedimentation in the middle eastern region: Kesalon event
- Har Tayasim: Soils and Rocks; Batha and Maquis, Vegetation of Israel and Neighboring Countries
- Al-Quds University graduate thesis, geological time scale and hydrostratigraphy table
- In the Highland's Depth, hiding refuge at Kufin (Ariel University)
Initially written Oct 21, 2026 · Edited: Oct 25, 2026
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