# Cylindrotomidae
**Cylindrotomidae** is a family of crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea), the long-legged true flies, whose larvae are plant feeders living on mosses and herbaceous vegetation. It is one of the four families into which the superfamily Tipuloidea is divided, alongside [Limoniidae](https://www.edgepedia.org/limoniidae), Pediciidae, and [Tipulidae](https://www.edgepedia.org/tipulidae), and contains 97 described species in nine living genera, arranged in the subfamilies Cylindrotominae and Stibadocerinae[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995).
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Rank and placement | Family in the superfamily Tipuloidea (crane flies), order Diptera[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995) |
| Species count | 46 valid species in Cylindrotominae and 51 in Stibadocerinae, 97 in total[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995) |
| Living genera | Cylindrotominae: *Cylindrotoma*, *Diogma*, *Liogma*, *Phalacrocera*, *Triogma*; Stibadocerinae: *Stibadocera*, *Stibadocerella*, *Stibadocerina*, *Stibadocerodes*[2](https://ccw.naturalis.nl/classification.php) |
| Defining characters | Trifid (three-parted) aedeagus and loss of wing vein \( R_{3} \) unite the two subfamilies[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995) |
| Phylogenetic position | Consistently recovered as monophyletic; sister group to Tipulidae[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995) |
| Fossil record | Oldest described Cylindrotominae are Paleogene, 56.0 to 47.8 million years old, despite the lineage being far older (a ghost lineage)[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91719-w) |
| Larval habit | Phytophagous (plant-feeding) larvae, proposed as a family-level character[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995) |
## Classification and diversity
Within the current four-family classification of Tipuloidea, Cylindrotomidae is the smallest family by species count: its 97 species compare with more than 3,800 in Tipulinae alone and thousands in the Limoniidae subfamilies[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). The Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World lists five genera in Cylindrotominae, *Cylindrotoma* (19 species), *Diogma* (6), *Liogma* (7), *Phalacrocera* (11), and *Triogma* (3), and four in Stibadocerinae, *Stibadocera* (12), *Stibadocerella* (5), *Stibadocerina* (1), and *Stibadocerodes* (3)[2](https://ccw.naturalis.nl/classification.php).
The four-family arrangement is not universal. Some researchers consolidate Tipuloidea into a single family Tipulidae with the same four groups ranked as subfamilies, a scheme published by [Alexander](https://www.edgepedia.org/alexander) and Alexander in 1970 and still used by some workers[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). Under the four-family system, the division of Tipulidae into Tipulidae, Cylindrotomidae, Limoniidae, and [Pediciidae](https://www.edgepedia.org/pediciidae) has been described as a contentious issue among taxonomists[4](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6355757/).
## Diagnostic morphology
The two subfamilies are separated by the antenna: in Stibadocerinae the adult flagellomeres (the segments of the flagellum, the part of the antenna beyond the basal scape and pedicel) are elongate, three times longer than wide[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995).
Two characters unite the subfamilies. The first is a trifid aedeagus, the male intromittent organ divided into three parts. The second is the loss of the wing vein \( R_{3} \)[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). A trifid aedeagus also occurs in *Neophylidorea*, a genus of Limnophilinae (Limoniidae), so this character could be a retained ancestral state (plesiomorphy) or a case of convergent evolution rather than an unambiguous family marker[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995).
The entomologist Jaroslav Starý proposed additional potential synapomorphies in 1992: an elongate rostrum with extended and open genal areas (the cheeks on either side of the head), a reduced meron (a sclerite on the thorax), and the overall shape and phytophagous nature of the larvae. These have not been thoroughly investigated[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995).
## Phylogeny
Cylindrotomidae is consistently recovered as monophyletic in quantitative analyses of Tipuloidea, and a sister-group relationship between Cylindrotomidae and Tipulidae is a consistent result across studies[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). The 2010 total-evidence analysis by Matthew J. Petersen, an entomologist then at [North Carolina State University](https://www.edgepedia.org/north-carolina-state-university), and colleagues, combining morphology with the nuclear genes 28S rDNA and CAD, sampled 45 species from 44 genera and subgenera across the four families and supported this arrangement[5](https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x). Molecular datasets agree on the wider frame: mitochondrial genome analyses and transcriptome studies recover Pediciidae as the sister group to the remaining crane flies, with the topology Pediciidae + (Limoniidae + (Cylindrotomidae + Tipulidae))[6](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5338816/) • [7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158167). Limoniidae, by contrast, is not supported as monophyletic, and the origin of Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae lies within it[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158167) • [8](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/6/535).
## Fossil record and the ghost lineage
Tipuloidea as a whole appears in the fossil record since at least 220 million years ago, in the Triassic, and the oldest stem Tipulidae are Jurassic while the oldest crown Tipulidae are [Cretaceous](https://www.edgepedia.org/cretaceous)[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91719-w). The described fossil record of Cylindrotomidae is far younger: the oldest representatives of Cylindrotominae are known only from the [Paleogene](https://www.edgepedia.org/paleogene), 56.0 to 47.8 million years ago, and comprise the extant genera *Cylindrotoma* Macquart, 1834 and *Diogma* Edwards, 1938, plus the extinct genus *Cyttaromyia* Scudder, 1877[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91719-w). The gap between the lineage's implied age and its oldest fossils is why a 2021 study called Cylindrotomidae an enigmatic ghost lineage, a group whose evolutionary history extends far back without leaving described fossils[3](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91719-w). Kania-Kłosok and colleagues examined in 2021 the placement of the extinct genus *Cyttaromyia* within the greater Cylindrotomidae phylogeny based on wing characteristics[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995).
## Distribution and life history
Cylindrotomidae is one of the two tipuloid families absent from the Afrotropical region, the other being the family noted alongside it in the Manual of Afrotropical Diptera[9](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhm-www/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/manual-afrotropical-diptera/manual-afrotropical-diptera-volume-two).
The larvae are phytophagous, feeding on living plants, a habit Starý proposed as a family character[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). Work on the Cylindrotominae has described their life history and larval ecomorphology under the heading of moss mimesis, referring to the resemblance of the long-bodied larvae to the mosses among which they live[1](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995). Across the crane flies more broadly, larvae occupy freshwater, marshes, moist soil, and decaying wood[7](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158167).
## References
1. [Crane fly (Diptera: Tipuloidea) systematics: past, present, and future, Insect Systematics and Diversity 9(1), 2025](https://academic.oup.com/isd/article/9/1/5/8028995)
2. [Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World: Classification](https://ccw.naturalis.nl/classification.php)
3. [Phylogeny and biogeography of the enigmatic ghost lineage Cylindrotomidae (Diptera, Nematocera), Scientific Reports, 2021](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91719-w)
4. [Diptera of Canada, ZooKeys / PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6355757/)
5. [Petersen et al. (2010). Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher-level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology](https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x)
6. [Transcriptomes of three species of Tipuloidea (Diptera, Tipulomorpha) and implications for phylogeny of Tipulomorpha, PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5338816/)
7. [Comparative Mt Genomics of the Tipuloidea and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of the Tipulomorpha, PLOS ONE 11(6): e0158167, 2016](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158167)
8. [Contribution to the Knowledge of Dicranoptychini (Diptera, Tipuloidea, Limoniidae) in China, Insects 14(6): 535, 2023](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/6/535)
9. [Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Volume 2, Natural History Museum](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/content/dam/nhm-www/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/manual-afrotropical-diptera/manual-afrotropical-diptera-volume-two)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Life and health › Animals › Invertebrates › Arthropods › Insects › Flies › Nematoceran flies › Crane flies (Tipuloidea) › Cylindrotomidae (long-limbed crane flies)*
*Initially written Sep 17, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 21, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 21, 2026 · Last review: Oct 21, 2026*
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License: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license