All articles starting with B
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Back-to-Africa movement
Back-to-Africa movement: emigrationist projects urging people of African descent in the Americas to settle in Africa, from Sierra Leone (1787) and Liberia (1819) through the ACS and Marcus Garvey's UNIA.
Back-to-back converter
A back-to-back converter is an HVDC arrangement in which a rectifier and inverter share one station, connecting AC grids that are not synchronized, with no transmission line between them.
Back-to-back life sentences
Back-to-back life sentences are consecutive life terms for multiple crimes, served one after another to delay or defeat parole, governed in the US by 18 U.S.C. § 3584 and varying state discretion rules.
Bačka
Bačka (Бачка, Bácska) is a historical region between the Danube and Tisza rivers, mostly in Vojvodina, Serbia, partly in Hungary; divided by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, agricultural lowland with Novi Sad and Subotica as largest cities.
Backa topola
Bačka Topola (Hungarian: Topolya) is a town of almost 12,000 people in northern Serbia's Vojvodina province, known for its multicultural environment and football club FK TSC.
Backbencher
Backbencher: a Westminster-system MP or peer holding no ministerial or shadow-spokesperson office, sitting behind the frontbench. Defined by UK Parliament glossary; performs partisan, constituency, and scrutiny roles.
Backblaze
Backblaze is an American cloud storage and online backup company founded in 2007, known for unlimited Computer Backup and its S3-compatible B2 Cloud Storage service.
Backboard (basketball)
Basketball backboard: the regulated panel behind the rim, made of tempered glass (FIBA Level 1, NBA) or acrylic and polycarbonate for residential hoops; dimensions, rebound tests, and material tradeoffs.
Backbone (company)
Backbone is a San Francisco gaming hardware and software company founded by Maneet Khaira in 2018 that makes the Backbone One and Backbone Pro snap-on smartphone controllers and companion app.
Backbone network
A backbone network, also called the network core, is the high-capacity part of a larger network that interconnects lower-level networks, running at higher speeds and built for redundancy.
Backcasting
Backcasting is a planning method that works backward from a desired future outcome to the present, testing feasibility and identifying the policies needed to reach it.
Backcountry (film)
Backcountry is a 2014 Canadian survival horror film written and directed by Adam MacDonald, starring Missy Peregrym and Jeff Roop, about a couple lost while camping.
Backcrossing
Backcrossing: breeding method, described by Harlan and Pope (1922), repeatedly crossing hybrids to a recurrent parent to introgress a donor trait; donor genome halves each generation, with marker-assisted and speed-breeding variants.
Backdoor (computing)
A backdoor, also called an encryption backdoor, is a method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer system, giving attackers easier and continued access.
Backdoor detection (machine learning)
Backdoor detection is a set of security techniques for determining whether a trained neural network carries a hidden trigger that forces attacker-chosen labels, by offline scanning or run-time analysis.
Backdoor Surf Shop
Backdoor Surf Shop is the name of several unrelated surf retail businesses, the largest being a New Zealand chain of surf, skate, and streetwear stores founded in Hamilton in 1988.
Backdraft
A backdraft, also spelled backdraught, is a rapid fireball explosion that occurs when oxygen suddenly reaches a room filled with unburned fuel gases from a smoldering fire.
Backdraft (film)
Backdraft is a 1991 Ron Howard action thriller about the backdraft fire phenomenon, starring Kurt Russell and William Baldwin as feuding Chicago firefighter brothers hunting an arsonist; it earned three Oscar nominations and $147 million worldwide.
Backdrivability
Backdrivability is the property of an actuator that describes how readily an external force at the output can drive the mechanism backward and turn the motor.
Backed VC
Backed VC is a London venture capital firm founded in 2016 by Andre de Haes and Alex Brunicki, leading pre-seed and seed rounds in European frontier technology.
Backend for frontend
Backend for frontend (BFF) is a software architecture pattern that gives each client type, such as a mobile app or web UI, its own dedicated backend service.
Backfill
Backfill (data engineering): rerunning a pipeline over historical data to populate new tables, fix bugs, or apply changed logic; requires idempotency, controlled ordering, throttling, and reconciliation.
Backfitting
Backfitting is the imposition of new or modified regulatory requirements on an already licensed nuclear facility, controlled in the United States by the NRC's backfit rule, 10 CFR 50.109.
Backflow prevention device
A backflow prevention device, or backflow preventer, is a mechanism on a potable water system that stops liquid from flowing in reverse into the drinking water supply.
Backflush accounting
Backflush accounting is a costing method that delays recording production costs until trigger points such as purchase, completion, or sale, developed for just-in-time manufacturing with minimal inventory.
Backgammon
Backgammon, also known as shesh besh, is a two-player board game in which each player moves fifteen checkers by dice rolls, aiming to bear them off first.
Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution
Background and causes of the 1979 Iranian Revolution: oil-boom rentier state, 1953 coup legacy, White Revolution, SAVAK repression, Shia clerical networks, Khomeini's velayat-e faqih, and the 1977–79 protest cycle that overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy.
Background calibration
Background calibration is an analog circuit design technique that continuously corrects errors in an analog-to-digital converter during normal operation, tracking drift with temperature, supply voltage, and aging.
Background check
Background check: review of a person's criminal, employment, credit, or other records for hiring, housing, licensing, or firearms decisions. Also called tenant screening or pre-employment screening; in the US governed by the FCRA and EEOC antidiscrimination rules, with documented accuracy problems in commercial reports.
Background field method
The background field method is a quantum field theory technique for computing the effective action, introduced by Bryce DeWitt, that keeps background gauge invariance manifest.