All articles starting with B
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Benzidine
Benzidine is a manufactured aromatic amine, once produced in large quantities as a precursor for direct dyes, that causes urinary bladder cancer; US production was banned in 1973.
Benzil
Benzil (diphenylglyoxal) is a yellow crystalline aromatic alpha-diketone, C14H10O2, made by oxidizing benzoin; its base-induced benzilic acid rearrangement, first performed by Liebig in 1838, was the first reported molecular rearrangement.
Benzilic acid rearrangement
The benzilic acid rearrangement is the base-induced conversion of a 1,2-diketone into an α-hydroxycarboxylic acid, first reported by Justus von Liebig in 1838 with benzil.
Benzimidazole
Benzimidazole is a bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic compound, a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring, used in drugs such as albendazole and omeprazole and in fuel-cell polymers.
Benzino
Benzino is the stage name of Raymond Scott, a Boston-born rapper, producer, and former co-owner of The Source magazine, known for the Almighty RSO, his feud with Eminem, Hip Hop Weekly, and Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta.
Benzion Netanyahu (בנציון נתניהו)
Benzion Netanyahu (בנציון נתניהו), born Benzion Mileikowsky, was an Israeli historian of medieval Spanish Jewry, Revisionist Zionist activist, and father of Benjamin Netanyahu; his 1995 Origins of the Inquisition argued the Spanish Inquisition persecuted conversos as a population, not secret Jews.
Benznidazole
Benznidazole is a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal medicine used to treat Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Hoffmann-La Roche introduced it in 1966, and it is generally the first-choice treatment.
Benzo
Benzo, in Italian Benzone di Alba, was bishop of Alba from 1059 until his expulsion around 1076 and author of a polemical work defending Emperor Henry IV.
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene, also known as benzo-alpha-pyrene or BaP, is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter, and IARC classifies it as carcinogenic to humans.
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with formula C20H12, formed during incomplete combustion of organic matter and classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans.
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene, also known as benz[e]acephenanthrylene, is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C₂₀H₁₂, found in smoke, soot, coal tar, and creosote, and classified by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen.
Benzoate
Benzoate is the anion C₇H₅O₂⁻, the conjugate base of benzoic acid, whose salts such as sodium benzoate are widely used food preservatives, and which also serves as a nitrogen-scavenging drug and corrosion inhibitor.
Benzobicyclon
Benzobicyclon (benzobicyclon hydrolysate precursor) is a triketone, WSSA Group 27 pro-herbicide for flooded rice, activated by hydrolysis to an HPPD inhibitor; discovered by SDS Biotech, registered in Japan 2001 and the US 2017/2021, still unapproved in the EU per EFSA's 2025 peer review.
Benzocaine
Benzocaine, the ethyl ester of 4-aminobenzoic acid, is a topical sodium-channel-blocking local anesthetic discovered by Eduard Ritsert in 1903, used in Orajel and similar products but restricted for teething due to methemoglobinemia risk.
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines (benzos), including alprazolam, diazepam, clonazepam, and lorazepam, are GABA-A positive allosteric modulator sedatives for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures, first introduced with chlordiazepoxide in 1960, and carrying FDA-boxed-warning risks of dependence and withdrawal.
Benzodiazepine overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose: poisoning by GABA_A-positive allosteric modulator sedatives. Isolated oral overdose is rarely fatal; risk rises with opioid, alcohol, or other co-ingestants. Flumazenil is the antidote but is not used routinely; 118,208 US deaths 2000–2019.
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: symptoms (insomnia, seizures, perceptual disturbances) after stopping benzodiazepines in physically dependent users; risk rises with over 4 months' use, high dose, abrupt stop, short-acting drugs; managed by gradual tapering.
Benzofuran
Benzofuran, also called coumarone or benzo[b]furan, is a colorless oily liquid of fused benzene and furan rings, first synthesized in 1870 and present in approved drugs including amiodarone.
Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid, a white crystalline solid found in many plants, made industrially from toluene, and used as a food preservative (E 210).
Benzoin (organic compound)
Benzoin, also known as desyl alcohol, is an organic compound, a white crystalline alpha-hydroxy ketone prepared from benzaldehyde and used as a precursor to benzil and as a flavoring agent.
Benzoin condensation
The benzoin condensation, also known as benzoin addition, couples two aromatic aldehydes to give an α-hydroxy ketone (benzoin), catalyzed by cyanide or N-heterocyclic carbenes via umpolung.
Benzonatate
Benzonatate (Tessalon) is a non-narcotic prescription oral antitussive approved by the FDA in 1958, chemically related to tetracaine, that anesthetizes pulmonary stretch receptors; dosed up to 600 mg daily, with fatal overdose risk in children under 10.
Benzonitrile
Benzonitrile, also known as phenyl cyanide, is the simplest aromatic nitrile, a colorless liquid with an almond-like odor made from toluene at about 10 million kg per year, mainly for pharmaceuticals and resins.
Benzophenone
Benzophenone (diphenyl ketone) is the simplest true aromatic ketone, a crystalline solid melting near 48 °C, produced industrially as a photoinitiator and classified as possibly carcinogenic.
Benzothiazole
Benzothiazole is an aromatic organic compound with the formula C7H5NS, a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring, known from firefly luciferin and used in rubber accelerators and many drugs.
Benzothiophene
Benzothiophene, formally benzo[b]thiophene and also called thianaphthene, is a bicyclic aromatic heterocycle fusing benzene and thiophene rings, a drug-discovery scaffold and component of petroleum and coal tar.
Benzovindiflupyr
Benzovindiflupyr (SOLATENOL) is a Syngenta SDHI, FRAC Group 7 pyrazole carboxamide fungicide for cereals, soybean, and other crops; first marketed 2012, EU-approved 2016, very highly toxic to aquatic life, with light-dependent field degradation.
Benzoxazole
Benzoxazole is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with a benzene ring fused to an oxazole ring; its derivatives are widely studied in medicinal chemistry and appear in marketed drugs.
Benzoximate
Benzoximate, also known as benzomate, is a non-systemic bridged diphenyl acaricide introduced in Japan in 1971 that controls spider mites on fruit crops and ornamentals; it is now considered obsolete.
Benzoyl chloride
Benzoyl chloride (C₆H₅COCl) is the acyl chloride of benzoic acid, a colorless fuming, pungent liquid used chiefly to make benzoyl peroxide and as a benzoylating reagent.