All articles starting with B
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Branch and cut
Branch and cut is an exact optimization algorithm for mixed-integer linear programming that combines branch and bound with cutting planes, introduced by Padberg and Rinaldi in 1987.
Branch and price
Branch and price is an exact optimization algorithm combining branch-and-bound search with column generation, used for problems with exponentially many variables such as crew scheduling and vehicle routing.
Branch Davidians
The Branch Davidians are an apocalyptic Adventist sect near Waco, Texas, founded by Benjamin Roden in 1955 and led by David Koresh during the 1993 siege.
Branch line
A branch line, or branch railway line, is a secondary railway line diverging from a main line to serve places it bypasses, typically single-track and often carrying freight.
Branch migration
Branch migration: movement of a Holliday junction or D-loop crossover point along homologous DNA duplexes during recombination, driven by thermal fluctuations or ATP motors such as bacterial RuvAB, RecG, and eukaryotic Rad54, extending heteroduplex DNA.
Branch point
A branch point is a point in the complex plane where analytic continuation of a multi-valued function is obstructed, causing functions like the square root and logarithm to be multi-valued.
Branch prediction
Branch prediction is the set of hardware and compiler techniques a processor uses to guess whether a branch will be taken and where it goes, enabling speculative execution.
Branch predictor
A branch predictor, or branch prediction unit, is processor hardware that guesses branch outcomes before they resolve, allowing speculative execution and avoiding costly pipeline stalls.
Branch Rickey
Branch Rickey (1881-1965), 'The Mahatma,' American baseball executive; created the minor league farm system with the St. Louis Cardinals and broke MLB's color line by signing Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers; Hall of Fame 1967.
Branch Secretariats
The Branch Secretariats (行中书省) were the provincial governments of China's Yuan dynasty, first established in the 1260s, managing taxes, troops, and borderlands under the Capital Secretariat.
Branch target buffer
A branch target buffer is a small cache-like processor structure that stores recent branch targets so the next fetch address can be predicted before branches resolve.
Branched-chain amino acid
A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is one of three essential amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, making up about a quarter of amino acids in protein foods.
Branched-chain amino acid catabolism
Branched-chain amino acid catabolism, also called BCAA degradation or valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, is the metabolic pathway breaking down leucine, isoleucine, and valine via BCAT and the BCKDH complex to acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, and succinyl-CoA; its blockage causes maple syrup urine disease.
Branched-chain amino acid transport system II carrier protein
Branched-chain amino acid transport system II carrier protein, or BrnQ, is the bacterial LIV-II permease importing leucine, isoleucine, and valine; a 12-helix MFS/LIVCS symporter coupled to sodium or proton gradients, distinct from ABC-type LIV-I.
Branched-chain aminotransferase
Branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) is a PLP-dependent enzyme that begins the breakdown of leucine, isoleucine, and valine; humans have a cytosolic form, BCAT1, and a mitochondrial form, BCAT2.
Branches of physics
The branches of physics are the subfields of the study of matter, energy, motion, and force, grouped into classical physics and modern physics built on relativity and quantum mechanics.
Branches of science
The branches of science, also known as scientific disciplines or fields of science, are divisions of systematic knowledge into disciplines like mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology, with no single classification universally accepted.
Branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences
The branches of the Polish Academy of Sciences are eight territorial organs seated in major Polish cities, integrating regional scientific communities since the first branch opened in Kraków in 1957.
Branchial cleft cyst
Branchial cleft cyst: a congenital epithelial-lined lateral neck mass from failed obliteration of an embryonic pharyngeal cleft, most often second cleft, along the sternocleidomastoid; treated by surgical excision, distinguished in adults from cystic nodal metastasis.
Branching fraction
A branching fraction, also called a branching ratio, is the fraction of decays of an unstable nucleus or excited atom that proceed through one particular decay channel.
Branching process
A branching process is a stochastic model in which each individual independently produces a random number of offspring; the Galton–Watson process is its canonical form.
Branching random walk
A branching random walk is a stochastic particle system in which reproducing particles displace randomly from their parents, combining branching and random walk, central to modern probability.
Branching rule
A branching rule describes how an irreducible representation of a Lie group or algebra decomposes into irreducible representations of a subgroup, with multiplicities; it underlies symmetry breaking in physics.
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by TFAP2A mutations, marked by neck skin defects, eye malformations, cleft lip, and hearing loss.
Branchiootic syndrome
Branchiootic syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder marked by branchial cysts and fistulae, malformations of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and hearing loss, with normal kidneys.
Branchioskeletogenital syndrome
Branchioskeletogenital syndrome, also called Elsahy-Waters syndrome or BSG syndrome, is an ultra-rare CDH11-related congenital malformation syndrome with craniofacial, dental, vertebral, and genital anomalies, moderate intellectual disability, and about 7 reported cases.
Branchiostoma
Branchiostoma (amphioxus, lancelets; synonym Amphioxus Yarrell 1836) is the largest genus of cephalochordates, about 28 fish-like filter-feeding marine chordates with bilateral gonads, including the model species B. lanceolatum, B. floridae, and B. belcheri.
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Branchiostoma lanceolatum, the European lancelet or Mediterranean amphioxus, is a fish-like marine chordate that lives buried in sandy seabeds and serves as a model for vertebrate origins.
Brâncovenesc style
The Brâncovenesc style (stilul brâncovenesc) is an artistic and architectural style of late 17th and early 18th century Wallachia, named after Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu and blending local, Byzantine, Ottoman, and Western traditions.
Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu
Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (Calea Eroilor): 1937–1938 abstract war memorial by Constantin Brâncuși in Romania, with Table of Silence, Gate of the Kiss, and 29.33 m Endless Column; UNESCO World Heritage site since 2024.