All articles starting with B
27,400 articles
Brownian motion on manifolds
Brownian motion on manifolds is the diffusion generated by half the Laplace–Beltrami operator, whose transition density is the heat kernel, the intrinsic analog of Euclidean Brownian motion.
Brownian noise
Brownian noise, also called red noise or random walk noise, is a signal whose value performs a random walk, so its power falls as the inverse square of frequency.
Brownian ratchet
A Brownian ratchet is a system that rectifies random Brownian motion into directed motion using an energy input, serving as the mechanistic framework for biological and artificial molecular motors.
Brownie (folklore)
Brownie (Scots broonie, Gaelic brùnaidh): shaggy household spirit of Scottish and northern English folklore that does chores at night for a bowl of cream, leaves if given clothes, and becomes a boggart if mistreated.
Brownie Chasma
Brownie Chasma is a 343-km-wide chasma, or canyon, on Ariel, a moon of Uranus, centered at 16.0S 337.6E. IAU-approved in 1988 and named for German woodland spirits, it is part of the Pixie Group of rifts and contains the Sprite and Leprechaun Vallis medial grooves, interpreted as spreading centers.
Brownie points
Brownie points are notional credit earned by doing good deeds or small favors for someone in authority, an American idiom first recorded in the 1940s and often tinged with pejorative irony.
Brownie Wise
Brownie Wise was an American direct-sales executive who built the Tupperware home party system, led its sales operation from 1951 until her dismissal in 1958.
Brownies & Downies
Brownies&downieS is a Dutch inclusive lunch café franchise founded in 2010 by Thijs Swinkels in Veghel, where staff with and without intellectual disabilities work together; about 60 locations, sold to Albron in 2022.
Brownification
Brownification, also called browning, is the increase in the yellow-brown color of inland waters, driven mainly by rising dissolved organic matter of terrestrial origin across the Northern Hemisphere.
Browning Arms Company
Browning Arms Company is an American firearms maker founded by gun designer John Moses Browning in Ogden, Utah, in 1878 and owned since the 1970s by Belgium's Fabrique Nationale.
Browning Auto-5
The Browning Auto-5, also known as the A-5, is a semi-automatic shotgun designed by John Moses Browning and produced from 1903 to 1999, the first successful semi-automatic shotgun.
Browning Automatic Rifle
The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) is a .30-06 automatic rifle designed by John Browning in 1917 and used by the US Army from 1918 through the Vietnam War.
Browning Hi-Power
The Browning Hi-Power, also known as the FN Hi-Power or GP35, is a Belgian 9 mm semi-automatic pistol with a 13-round magazine, adopted in 1935.
Brownlow Medal
Brownlow Medal, the AFL's fairest and best award, also called 'Charlie', awarded since 1924, named for Geelong administrator Charles Brownlow, decided by umpires' 3-2-1 votes in home-and-away matches.
Brownmillerite
Brownmillerite is a reddish-brown calcium iron aluminate oxide mineral with the ideal formula Ca₂Fe³⁺AlO₅, occurring in thermally metamorphosed limestones in Israel and Germany and forming the ferrite phase of Portland cement clinker.
Brownout (electricity)
A brownout is a sustained drop in supply voltage below its normal level without a full outage, named for dimmed lights, caused by grid stress or deliberate utility reductions to prevent blackout.
Browns Ferry nuclear power plant
Browns Ferry nuclear power plant is a three-unit Tennessee Valley Authority station on Wheeler Reservoir near Athens, Alabama, operating since 1974 and known for the 1975 fire that reshaped nuclear fire regulation.
Brownshill Dolmen
Brownshill Dolmen (Tuama Ursanach Chnoc A Bhrúnaigh), also Kernanstown Cromlech, is a Neolithic portal tomb 3 km east of Carlow, Ireland, with a granite capstone over 100 tonnes, reputedly Europe's largest; built c. 4000-3000 BC, never excavated.
Brownstone
Brownstone is a reddish-brown sandstone colored by iron oxide; in American usage it also names the row houses built of it across East Coast cities in the late nineteenth century.
Brownsville Independent School District
Brownsville Independent School District (BISD) is the public school district of Brownsville, Cameron County, South Texas (TEA district 031901, Region 1); accredited by SACS and TEA, rated B overall in 2025 and 2026, led by Superintendent Dr. Timothy E. Cuff since July 2026.
Brownsville, Brooklyn
Brownsville, Brooklyn: a central Brooklyn neighborhood (with Ocean Hill, Community District 16), once a Jewish immigrant enclave, now known for the nation's densest public housing concentration, high poverty, and the $1 billion 2017 Brownsville Plan.
Brownsville, Texas
Brownsville, Texas: county seat of Cameron County at the state's southernmost tip, across the Rio Grande from Matamoros. Founded 1848 by Charles Stillman near Fort Brown; home of the Port of Brownsville (1936) and near SpaceX's Starbase; population about 188,000.
Brownwood, TX Micro Area
Brownwood, TX Micro Area (CBSA 15220) is a micropolitan statistical area covering Brown County, Texas, centered on Brownwood city; 38,095 residents in 2020, manufacturing and health care led economy.
Browse gas field
The Browse gas field is a group of three offshore gas fields, Torosa, Brecknock, and Calliance, discovered in 1971 about 425 kilometers north of Broome, Western Australia, and still undeveloped.
BrowseComp
BrowseComp is an OpenAI benchmark from April 2025 measuring whether AI agents can persistently navigate the web to find hard-to-locate facts, with 1,266 short-answer questions.
Browser extension
A browser extension, also called a browser add-on, is software built from HTML, CSS, and JavaScript that a user installs into a web browser to add features or modify pages.
Browser game
Browser game: a video game played in a web browser with no download, built on HTML5, JavaScript, WebGL, and WebAssembly. Eras: Java applets, Flash (1996-2020), then HTML5; Flashpoint preserves 200,000+ titles.
Browser wars
The browser wars are the successive rounds of intense competition among web browsers: Netscape Navigator versus Internet Explorer in the late 1990s, Firefox's challenge in the 2000s, and Chrome's rise from 2008.
Browserify
Browserify is a JavaScript bundling tool that compiles node-flavored CommonJS modules for the browser, walking require() calls to produce one self-contained bundle loadable in a single script tag.
BrowserStack
BrowserStack is a privately held cloud software-testing platform founded in 2011 by Ritesh Arora and Nakul Aggarwal, serving more than 50,000 customers including Amazon and Microsoft.