All articles starting with D
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Dendragapus
Dendragapus is a genus of large North American forest grouse (Phasianidae) established by Elliot in 1864, holding the Dusky Grouse (D. obscurus) and Sooty Grouse (D. fuliginosus), split from the former Blue Grouse in 2006 on genetic and behavioral evidence.
Dendrimer
A dendrimer, also known as an arborol or cascade molecule, is a highly branched macromolecule built from a central core in repeating layers called generations.
Dendrin
Dendrin (DDN, KIAA0749) is a 711-aa protein of neuronal dendrites and kidney podocyte slit diaphragms; it binds nephrin, CD2AP, and KIBRA, and on injury translocates to the nucleus promoting podocyte apoptosis.
Dendrite
Dendrite: branched neuronal process receiving synaptic inputs; from Greek dendron (tree), coined by Wilhelm His in 1889. Distinct from dendritic cells; shape, spines, and actin-microtubule development.
Dendrite penetration in solid electrolytes
Dendrite penetration in solid electrolytes is the growth of lithium metal filaments through the ceramic electrolyte of an all-solid-state battery, which short-circuits the cell and remains a leading obstacle to commercialization.
Dendritic cell
Dendritic cell (DC): antigen-presenting phagocyte that activates naive T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Discovered by Steinman and Cohn in 1973; subsets pDC, cDC1, cDC2; 2011 Nobel Prize; basis of DC cancer vaccines.
Dendritic cell therapy
Dendritic cell therapy is an individualized cancer immunotherapy that loads a patient's own dendritic cells with tumor antigens and reinfuses them; sipuleucel-T was FDA-approved in 2010.
Dendritic epidermal T cell
A dendritic epidermal T cell (DETC) is a gamma-delta T cell that lives permanently in mouse epidermis, extends dendrites between keratinocytes, and drives wound healing and tumor surveillance.
Dendritic spine
Dendritic spines (espinas) are small actin-rich protrusions on neuronal dendrites forming the postsynaptic side of most excitatory synapses; discovered by Cajal in 1888, they number 1-10 per micrometer and remodel during learning, aging, and disease.
Dendroarchaeology
Dendroarchaeology dates timber from archaeological sites and historic buildings by matching tree-ring patterns against dated master chronologies, establishing the year and sometimes the season a tree was felled.
Dendrobates
Dendrobates (Wagler, 1830) is a genus of five poison frog species in Dendrobatidae, ranging from Nicaragua to Brazil; once held over 40 species, now split into Oophaga, Ranitomeya, Andinobates, and Phyllobates; CITES Appendix II since 1987.
Dendrobieae
Dendrobieae, an orchid tribe in Epidendroideae, contains Dendrobium (800–1500 species) and Bulbophyllum; molecular phylogenetics supports a broad Dendrobium with Asian and Australasian clades.
Dendrobium
Dendrobium (石斛属-related orchid genus) is a large, conserved orchid genus native from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Pacific and New Zealand, with roughly 1,100–1,500 species, major cut-flower horticulture, and medicinal species such as D. nobile used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Dendrobium bigibbum
Dendrobium bigibbum, the Cooktown orchid, is an epiphytic orchid native to the Tanimbar Islands, New Guinea, and Cape York, Queensland; floral emblem of Queensland since 1959, listed Vulnerable, with four accepted varieties.
Dendrobium nobile
Dendrobium nobile (Shihu, 石斛) is an epiphytic Himalayan orchid, a popular ornamental and a major Traditional Chinese Medicine source; its stem yields dendrobine and other alkaloids, and it is CITES Appendix II listed.
Dendrobium officinale
Dendrobium officinale (Tiepi Shihu, 鐵皮石斛) is a critically endangered Chinese epiphytic orchid whose dried stem is a traditional Chinese medicine and food, rich in polysaccharides, with a 12 g daily Pharmacopoeia limit.
Dendrobium speciosum
Dendrobium speciosum, the rock orchid or rock lily, is a large Australian lithophytic or epiphytic orchid described by James Edward Smith in 1804, native to NSW, Queensland, and Victoria, with cream racemes of up to 120 flowers and 5 to 9 recognized varieties.
Dendrocalamus
Dendrocalamus is a genus of about 80 accepted species of tropical Asian woody bamboos (Poaceae), erected in 1834 with type species D. strictus; best known is giant bamboo D. asper, used for construction, pulp, and edible shoots.
Dendrocalamus asper
Dendrocalamus asper, giant bamboo or sweet bamboo (马来甜龙竹, buluh betong), a tropical clumping bamboo native from Bangladesh to Taiwan and Malesia, grown 15-30 m tall for construction culms and edible shoots.
Dendroceratida
Dendroceratida, an order of horny demosponge sponges in subclass Keratosa, sister to Dictyoceratida; skeleton of spongin fibres only, arising from a basal plate, dendritically arranged; families Darwinellidae and Dictyodendrillidae.
Dendroceros
Dendroceros, a pantropical hornwort genus in Dendrocerotaceae with about 30–41 species, is the only epiphytic hornwort, with midrib-and-perforated-wing thalli, one star-shaped chloroplast per cell, modified pyrenoid, and multicellular spores.
Dendrochirotida
Dendrochirotida is an order of sea cucumbers with branched, tree-like feeding tentacles; with about 800 species, it makes up almost half of living sea cucumbers.
Dendrochronological dating
Dendrochronological dating determines the calendar age of timber by matching its annual growth-ring pattern against absolutely dated reference chronologies, giving an exact felling year and season when the outer wood edge survives.
Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the science of dating annual growth rings in wood to their exact calendar year. It dates artifacts and reconstructs past climate and fire history.
Dendroclimatology
Dendroclimatology is the science of reconstructing past climate from the annual growth rings of trees, using ring width, wood density, and isotopes to estimate past temperature and precipitation.
Dendrocnide moroides
Dendrocnide moroides, gympie-gympie or mulberrylike stinging tree, is a Queensland and NSW rainforest shrub whose silica-tipped hairs inject gympietide neurotoxins causing months of pain.
Dendrocopos
Dendrocopos (pied woodpeckers) is a Picidae genus erected by Koch in 1816, holding about 12 Eurasian and North African species such as D. major, D. leucotos, and D. syriacus; molecular phylogenies show it is not monophyletic, prompting IOC generic splits.
Dendroctonus frontalis
Dendroctonus frontalis, the southern pine beetle, a 3 mm Scolytinae bark beetle of pines from Honduras to New England; kills hosts via frontalin-driven mass attacks, S-shaped galleries, and fungal symbionts.
Dendroctonus micans
Dendroctonus micans, the great spruce bark beetle (European spruce bark beetle), is a Palaearctic bark beetle pest of spruce from Siberia to Britain, controlled mainly by the specific predator Rhizophagus grandis.
Dendroctonus rufipennis
Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a native North American bark beetle killing mature spruce across the continent. Distinguished from Ips typographus and D. ponderosae by its spruce hosts, two-year life cycle, and major Alaska and Yukon outbreaks.