All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Effects of inflation
The effects of inflation are the costs a sustained rise in prices imposes on households, firms, and governments, from eroded purchasing power to arbitrary wealth transfers.
Effects of invasive earthworms on soil structure and carbon–nitrogen cycling
Invasive earthworms alter northern temperate and boreal forest soils by consuming surface litter, mixing organic matter into mineral soil, and accelerating carbon and nitrogen cycling, raising CO2 and N2O emissions.
Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
Long-term benzodiazepine use (chronic BZD therapy) causes physical dependence, withdrawal, and raised risks of falls, accidents, and overdose; evidence for progressive cognitive decline and dementia remains limited and inconclusive.
Effects of nuclear explosions
The effects of nuclear explosions, or nuclear weapon effects, are the blast waves, thermal radiation, prompt radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and radioactive fallout from a nuclear detonation.
Effects of nuclear explosions on human health
The effects of nuclear explosions on human health, also called human effects of nuclear explosions, are injuries from blast, thermal radiation, prompt radiation, and fallout, including Acute Radiation Syndrome.
Effects of pornography
Effects of pornography: research on links between sexually explicit material use and sexual function, satisfaction, mental health, and behavior; ICD-11 CSBD, no DSM-5 porn addiction, mostly small mixed associations.
Effects of pornography on young people
Effects of pornography on young people: research on childhood and adolescent exposure to sexually explicit material, covering prevalence, age of first exposure, associations with sexual behavior, attitudes, and wellbeing, and why causal conclusions remain limited.
Effects of strenuous physical exercise
Effects of strenuous physical exercise (ICD-11 NF06) classifies acute bodily reactions to high-intensity exertion: exertional heat stroke, post-exercise postural hypotension, post-exertional dehydration, and exercise muscle cramp, within chapter 22 external-cause effects.
Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
The effects of the Chernobyl disaster are the health and environmental consequences of the 1986 reactor explosion in Ukraine, including thyroid cancers and mass resettlement.
Effects of the Cold War
The effects of the Cold War, also called Cold War legacies, cover the transformations from the 1947 to 1989 US-Soviet rivalry: armed blocs, nuclear parity, proxy wars, and decolonization.
Effects of thirst
Effects of thirst (ICD-11 NF07.1) classifies consequences of water deprivation and polydipsia; thirst begins at plasma osmolality about 285 mOsm/kg and fails as a guide in the elderly and athletes.
Effects of tropical cyclones
The effects of tropical cyclones span storm surge, extreme winds, heavy rain, and tornadoes that killed 412,644 people from 1980 to 2009 and caused nearly half of all natural disaster losses.
Effects of Varroa mites on honey-bee colonies
Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) kill honey-bee colonies mainly by vectoring viruses, above all deformed wing virus; untreated colonies die within one to four years, driving US winter losses averaging 28.7% since 2006.
Effects of vibration
Effects of vibration: health consequences of hand-arm and whole-body vibration exposure, causing hand-arm vibration syndrome, back pain, and vascular and neurological injury; also therapeutic WBV training.
Effects of war
Effects of war: consequences of armed conflict including direct and indirect deaths, disease, mental illness, displacement of about 123 million people, economic contraction, and environmental pollution.
Effects unit
An effects unit, also called an effects processor or effects pedal, is an electronic device that alters an instrument's sound, in forms from stompbox pedals to rack-mounted processors.
Effeminacy
Effeminacy: feminine appearance, mannerisms, or behavior in men or boys; from Latin effeminare. Known via Greek malakos and kinaidos, Victorian sexology, and modern femmephobia research; distinct from sexual orientation and gender identity.
Effi Briest
Effi Briest is Theodor Fontane's 1895 German realist novel about a 17-year-old married to Baron von Innstetten, filmed five times, most famously by Fassbinder in 1974 with Hanna Schygulla and by Huntgeburth in 2009 with Julia Jentsch.
Effi o Blaenau
Effi o Blaenau is a 2026 Welsh-language drama directed by Marc Evans, adapted from Gary Owen's monodrama Iphigenia in Splott, starring Leisa Gwenllian as Effi in Blaenau Ffestiniog; it set a Welsh-language box office record with £215,000 for MetFilm.
EFFICACE study
EFFICACE (NCT05114434) is a single-center, 8-week, open-label University of Parma study testing extrafine beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium 87/5/9 µg on cough peak flow in moderate-to-severe COPD, distinct from the TRILOGY, TRIDENT, and TRIFORCE trials.
Efficacy
Efficacy (pharmacology): a drug's capacity, once receptor-bound, to change target behavior and produce response; distinct from affinity and potency. Spans Ariëns' intrinsic activity, Furchgott's intrinsic efficacy, receptor reserve, inverse agonism, and biased agonism.
Efficiency
Efficiency, in thermodynamics, is the fraction of energy input to a device converted into useful output, defined for a heat engine as work output divided by heat input.
Efficiency (statistics)
Efficiency in statistics measures how well an estimator or statistical test uses sample information, typically by comparing variance against the Cramér–Rao lower bound, the minimum any unbiased estimator can achieve.
Efficiency droop
Efficiency droop is the reduction in a light-emitting diode's efficiency as current density rises, distinct from thermal droop and attributed mainly to Auger recombination and carrier leakage.
Efficiency wage
An efficiency wage is a wage a firm deliberately sets above the market-clearing level because higher pay raises worker productivity by enough to pay for itself, explaining persistent involuntary unemployment.
Efficient energy use
Efficient energy use, or energy efficiency, delivers the same or better energy services, such as light and heat, with less energy, without reducing comfort, through long-lasting technologies.
Efficient estimator
An efficient estimator is an unbiased estimator whose variance attains the Cramér–Rao lower bound, the smallest variance any unbiased estimator can have, making it a minimum-variance unbiased estimator.
Efficient frontier
The efficient frontier is the set of portfolios with the highest expected return for each level of risk, introduced by Harry Markowitz in 1952 in mean-variance portfolio theory.
Efficient-market hypothesis
The efficient-market hypothesis, also called efficient market theory, is the claim that security prices fully reflect available information, so no strategy can systematically beat the market.
EfficientDet
EfficientDet is a family of scalable object detection models from Google Research, introduced at CVPR 2020, using EfficientNet backbones with a bi-directional feature pyramid network and compound scaling.