All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Entacapone
Entacapone (Comtan) is a reversible peripheral COMT inhibitor taken with levodopa/carbidopa to treat wearing-off motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease; approved 1998 (EMA) and 1999 (FDA), 200 mg tablets, up to 10 daily.
Entact Bio
Entact Bio is a preclinical-stage biotechnology company in Watertown, Massachusetts, that develops small-molecule drugs enhancing beneficial proteins rather than destroying disease-driving ones; it launched in 2022 with $81 million.
Entada
Entada (Adans., 1763) is a pantropical legume genus (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) of lianas and trees, 40 species after Elephantorrhiza was merged in 2022, with metre-long pods, sea-heart drift seeds, and saponin-rich medicinal uses.
Entamoeba
Entamoeba: genus of anaerobic parasitic amoebae of the human gut and mouth; E. histolytica causes amoebiasis (34-50 million symptomatic cases, ~55,000-100,000 deaths yearly), while E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, E. coli and E. gingivalis are commensals.
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba coli, a nonpathogenic commensal intestinal ameba of humans (Grassi, 1879), distinguished by octonucleate cysts of 10–35 µm and sluggish trophozoites with eccentric karyosomes; must be differentiated from pathogenic E. histolytica.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica, the pathogenic intestinal amoeba causing amebiasis and amebic liver abscess; distinguished from harmless E. dispar; cyst-transmitted, diagnosed by antigen tests and PCR, treated with antibiotics.
Entamoeba invadens
Entamoeba invadens is a reptilian parasitic ameba, pathogenic in snakes and turtles, and the standard laboratory model for Entamoeba encystation because E. histolytica cannot be induced to encyst in vitro; its ~41 Mb genome encodes 11,549 genes, and phospholipase D signaling regulates cyst formation.
Entandrophragma
Entandrophragma (African mahogany genus, Meliaceae), proposed by Casimir de Candolle in 1894, comprises about 10-12 large timber tree species exclusively native to tropical and southern Africa, traded as sapelli, sipo, kosipo, and tiama.
Entandrophragma cylindricum
Entandrophragma cylindricum, sapele or sapelli, is an African Meliaceae timber tree from Sierra Leone to Uganda; about 1.3 million m³ of logs are harvested yearly and the species is IUCN Vulnerable.
Entangled Life
Entangled Life (2020) is Merlin Sheldrake's debut popular-science book on fungi, mycelium, and mycorrhizal networks; a million-copy bestseller that won the 2021 Royal Society Science Book Prize and Wainwright Prize.
Entangled photon pair
An entangled photon pair is a pair of photons whose joint quantum state cannot be written as a mixture of product states, typically produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
Entangled photon source
An entangled photon source is a device producing photon pairs whose quantum states are strongly correlated, most often by spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal pumped by a laser.
Entanglement (polymer physics)
Entanglement in polymer physics is a topological constraint in which long, flexible polymer chains that cannot cross through one another restrict each other's motion and relaxation.
Entanglement catalysis
Entanglement catalysis (quantum catalysis) is a quantum information phenomenon where an entangled catalyst state enables otherwise impossible transformations, returned unchanged, introduced by Jonathan and Plenio in 1999.
Entanglement distillation
Entanglement distillation, also called entanglement purification, is a quantum information protocol that turns many noisy entangled pairs into fewer near-perfect ones, enabling faithful quantum teleportation through noisy channels.
Entanglement dynamics in open quantum systems
Entanglement dynamics in open quantum systems is the study of how environmental noise generates and degrades entanglement, which can vanish at a finite time, unlike ordinary decoherence.
Entanglement forging and circuit knitting
Entanglement forging is a quantum-classical technique representing a 2N-qubit state with N qubits plus classical computation, first demonstrated on water by IBM Quantum in 2022.
Entanglement in continuous-variable systems
Entanglement in continuous-variable systems is the nonseparability of bosonic modes such as optical field modes, whose entanglement is carried by continuous quadratures like position and momentum.
Entanglement in many-body quantum systems
Entanglement in many-body quantum systems studies how entanglement is distributed and structured across many interacting particles, using tools like entanglement entropy, the entanglement spectrum, and topological entanglement entropy.
Entanglement light cone
The entanglement light cone is the region within which quantum entanglement can spread in a many-body system by a given time, bounded by Lieb-Robinson velocity.
Entanglement measure
An entanglement measure is a function assigning a nonnegative number to a quantum state to quantify its entanglement, vanishing on separable states and normalized on maximally entangled pairs.
Entanglement of formation
The entanglement of formation (EoF) is a measure of quantum entanglement for a bipartite quantum state, defined as the minimum average entanglement over all pure-state ensembles representing the mixed state.
Entanglement of ultracold molecules
Entanglement of ultracold molecules is the creation of quantum correlations between molecules cooled near absolute zero in optical traps, first demonstrated between individually controlled molecules in 2023.
Entanglement sudden death
Entanglement sudden death is the abrupt disappearance of quantum entanglement in a noisy environment after a finite time, unlike ordinary decoherence, which decays only gradually and never reaches zero.
Entanglement swapping
Entanglement swapping is a quantum communication protocol, proposed in 1993 and demonstrated in 1998, that entangles two particles that never interacted via a Bell-state measurement, underpinning quantum repeaters.
Entanglement wedge reconstruction
Entanglement wedge reconstruction is a theorem in the AdS/CFT correspondence stating that bulk operators in a boundary region's entanglement wedge can be reconstructed as operators on that region.
Entanglement witness
An entanglement witness is a Hermitian observable used to certify quantum entanglement. It is a practical alternative to full state tomography, using negative expectation values to prove entanglement.
Entanglement-assisted classical capacity
The entanglement-assisted classical capacity, C_E, of a quantum channel is the maximum reliable classical bit rate with unlimited shared entanglement, characterized by Bennett, Shor, Smolin, and Thapliyal in 1999.
Entanglement-assisted distributed quantum sensing
Entanglement-based distributed quantum sensing is a measurement technique in which spatially separated sensors share quantum entanglement, letting the network estimate a quantity beyond the precision of classical sensors.
Entanglement-based quantum key distribution
Entanglement-based quantum key distribution (entanglement-based QKD) is a form of quantum key distribution in which two parties measure entangled photon pairs, letting the correlations certify the key without a trusted source.