All articles starting with E
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Eui‐Cheol Shin
Eui-Cheol Shin (신의철) is a South Korean physician-scientist and immunologist, a professor at KAIST in Daejeon known for work on bystander activation of CD8+ T cells.
EuIn2As2
EuIn2As2 (europium diindium diarsenide) is a layered antiferromagnetic Zintl phase of europium, indium, and arsenic, synthesized in 2008, and a leading candidate for an intrinsic axion insulator.
Eukaryogenesis
Eukaryogenesis is the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic cell from archaeal ancestors between 1.8 and 2.7 billion years ago, marked by the endosymbiotic acquisition of an alphaproteobacterium that became the mitochondrion.
Eukaryote
Eukaryote: organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; one of the major divisions of life. Mitochondria arose via alphaproteobacterial endosymbiosis; closest living relatives are Asgard archaea.
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell: the nucleated, compartmentalized cell type of animals, plants, fungi, and protists, defined by a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, which arose from an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiosis in an archaeal host roughly 1.8 to 2.7 billion years ago.
Eukaryotic Cobalamin Transport
Eukaryotic cobalamin transport: how vitamin B12 is absorbed via IF-cubam, carried by transcobalamin, taken up through CD320, exported from lysosomes by LMBD1-ABCD4, and processed by MMACHC/MMADHC; defects cause cblF, cblJ, and CD320 disorders.
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Eukaryotic DNA replication: cell-cycle-regulated copying of linear chromosomes from many origins (up to 100,000 in humans) during S phase, using ORC/MCM licensing, CMG helicase, pol alpha/delta/epsilon, PCNA, and telomerase.
Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are the proteins assembling ribosomes, Met-tRNAi, and mRNA at AUG start codons; at least 12 factors including eIF2, eIF4F, eIF3, and eIF5B drive scanning and 80S complex formation.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F, eIF4E-eIF4G-eIF4A) is the heterotrimeric complex that binds the m7G cap of eukaryotic mRNAs and recruits ribosomes; regulated by 4E-BP/mTOR, targeted in cancer, bypassed by IRES and eIF3d mechanisms.
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit (eRF3, Sup35/ERF3) is the essential GTPase class-II release factor that, with eRF1, terminates eukaryotic translation via an eRF1·eRF3·GTP ternary complex and links termination to mRNA decay.
Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)
Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S), the mRNA-decoding small subunit of the 80S ribosome, made of 18S rRNA and about 32-33 proteins; differs from bacterial 30S in tRNA-dependent mRNA binding and initiation factors.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription: DNA-directed RNA synthesis in eukaryotic nuclei by three polymerases, Pol I (rRNA), Pol II (mRNA), Pol III (tRNA), discovered 1969 by Roeder and Rutter, regulated via core promoters, enhancers, pausing, and condensates.
Eukaryotic translation
Eukaryotic translation, protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes in eukaryotic cells, proceeds through initiation (m7G cap recognition, 43S PIC, scanning), elongation (A/P/E sites), and termination at UAG/UAA/UGA stop codons, regulated by eIFs, eEFs, eRFs, and mTOR signaling.
Eukaryotic Translation Elongation
Eukaryotic translation elongation: the ribosome cycle of decoding, peptide bond formation, and translocation driven by eEF1A, eEF1B, eEF2, and eIF5A, adding one amino acid per codon at roughly six residues per second.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, encoded by the gene EEF1A1, is a GTP-binding protein that delivers aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation
Eukaryotic translation initiation: assembly of an 80S ribosome at an mRNA start codon via cap-dependent scanning or IRES-mediated internal initiation, using eIF factors such as eIF4F and eIF2, regulated by mTOR, MAPK, and stress pathways.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding
eIF4E binding: how eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BP1, 4E-BP2, 4E-BP3) repress cap-dependent translation by competing with eIF4G for eIF4E, and how mTORC1 phosphorylation releases them.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein
4E-BPs (eIF4E-binding proteins, 4E-BP1/2/3; yeast Caf20p, Eap1p) are small translational repressors that compete with eIF4G for eIF4E, are inactivated by mTORC1 phosphorylation, and enable eIF3d-dependent translation under stress.
Eukaryotic-signature proteins in Asgard archaea
Eukaryotic-signature proteins (ESPs) are archaeal homologs of protein families once thought unique to eukaryotes, found in Asgard archaea and cited as evidence for their role in eukaryogenesis.
Eul Paso
Eul Paso (을파소) was a Goguryeo official who served as guksang, the state's highest office, under Kings Gogukcheon and Sansang, introducing the Jindaebop grain-lending relief law.
Eula Bingham
Eula Bingham (1929–2020) was an American toxicologist at the University of Cincinnati who led OSHA from 1977 to 1981, setting stringent standards protecting workers from hazardous materials.
Eulace Peacock
Eulace Peacock (1914-1996), American sprinter and long jumper, Temple University star; tied the 100 m world record of 10.3 in 1934 and beat Jesse Owens seven of ten times, but a 1936 hamstring injury cost him the Berlin Olympics.
Eulaeus
Eulaeus (Greek: Eulaios) was a eunuch of the Ptolemaic court who, with Lenaios, governed Egypt as regent for the boy king Ptolemy VI after Cleopatra I died in 178/177 BC.
Eulalia d'Orléans Bourbon
Eulalia d'Orléans Bourbon, also known as Eulalia de Borbón y Borbón, was a Spanish infanta and the youngest daughter of Queen Isabella II. She became known as a traveler.
Eulampis
Eulampis, the caribs, is a genus of two West Indian hummingbirds erected by F. Boie in 1831: the purple-throated carib (E. jugularis) and green-throated carib (E. holosericeus), with luminous tail-coverts and a proposed merger into Anthracothorax.
Eulbach
Eulbach (Kastell Eulbach) is a small Roman numerus fort on the older Odenwald line of the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes near Michelstadt, Hesse, about 70 x 78 m, garrisoned until the frontier moved east around 159 AD, now within the Eulbacher Park.
Eulemur
Eulemur (true lemurs, brown lemurs) is a genus of 12 Malagasy lemurid primates erected by Simons and Rumpler in 1988; cathemeral, gregarious, frugivorous seed dispersers, IUCN Vulnerable to Critically Endangered.
Eulemur fulvus
Eulemur fulvus, the brown lemur or common brown lemur, is a Vulnerable lemurid primate of western and eastern Madagascar and introduced Mayotte; formerly the umbrella name for the brown lemur complex of seven species.
Eulenburg affair
The Eulenburg affair (Harden-Eulenburg affair), 1906-1909: journalist Maximilian Harden accused Kaiser Wilhelm II's confidant Philipp zu Eulenburg and General Kuno von Moltke of homosexuality, triggering six trials, perjury proceedings, and Europe's first major homosexual scandal.
Euler angles
Euler angles, also called Cardan angles, represent any three-dimensional rotation as a sequence of three rotations about specified coordinate axes; conventions include yaw, pitch, and roll used in aircraft dynamics.