All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Federalist No. 10
Federalist No. 10, James Madison's Publius essay of 22-23 November 1787, defines faction and argues a large extended republic controls it better than a small one, reversing Montesquieu's small-republic doctrine.
Federalist No. 51
Federalist No. 51, "The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments," is a February 6, 1788 Publius essay, attributed to James Madison, famous for "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition" and the compound republic's double security.
Federalist No. 68
Federalist No. 68, "The Mode of Electing the President," is Alexander Hamilton's March 14, 1788 Federalist Paper defending the Electoral College, its state-based electors, House contingency, and barriers to foreign influence and demagoguery.
Federalist Party
The Federalist Party, also known as the Pro-Administration Party, was an early American political party of the 1790s led by Hamilton and Adams, which favored strong national government.
Federalist Revolution
The Federalist Revolution (Revolução Federalista) was a civil war in southern Brazil from 1893 to 1895, pitting federalists against republicans backed by President Floriano Peixoto.
Federalist Society
The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies, founded in 1982 at Yale, is a conservative-libertarian legal network of about 90,000 members known for debate events, originalism, and its pipeline into federal judgeships.
Federalist–Unitarian conflict
The Federalist–Unitarian conflict was a half-century of political struggle and civil war in Argentina between the centralizing Unitarians and the Federalists, who defended provincial autonomy.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), ex-FATA or Merged Districts, were Pakistan's seven border agencies and six frontier regions governed under the 1901 Frontier Crimes Regulation until the 25th Constitutional Amendment merged them into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in May 2018.
Federally Qualified Health Center
Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), also called community health center: US clinic funded under Section 330 of the PHS Act serving medically underserved areas, with sliding-fee-scale care, patient-majority boards, and Medicaid/Medicare prospective payment; look-alikes meet the same rules without grants.
Federally recognized tribe
Federally recognized tribe: an American Indian or Alaska Native entity with a government-to-government relationship with the United States; 575 exist as of 2026, recognized by Congress, courts, or the 25 CFR Part 83 acknowledgment process.
Federated averaging
Federated averaging (FedAvg) is a distributed machine learning algorithm, reported by McMahan and colleagues in 2016, in which a server averages locally trained models from clients holding private data.
Federated Hermes
Federated Hermes, Inc. is a Pennsylvania-based global active investment manager with $902.6 billion in assets under management at December 31, 2025, including the London-based Hermes Investment Management.
Federated identity
Federated identity, also called federated identity management (FIM), lets a user log in once with an identity provider and access other organizations' systems without their verifying the user directly.
Federated learning
Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning method, named by McMahan and colleagues at Google in 2017, in which clients train a shared model locally and exchange only model updates.
Federated Malay States
The Federated Malay States (Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu) was a British federation of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang, created in 1895 and administered from Kuala Lumpur.
Federated Malay States Agreement 1895
The Federated Malay States Agreement 1895, signed in July 1895, united Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan under British protection, with a Resident-General at Kuala Lumpur.
Federated meta-learning
Federated meta-learning is a machine learning approach combining federated learning with meta-learning, so a shared model learned without exchanging raw data adapts to each client with a few local gradient steps.
Federated multi-task learning
Federated multi-task learning (FMTL) is a distributed machine learning approach in which multiple clients jointly train models for related but distinct tasks while keeping their data local.
Federated Shan States
The Federated Shan States was a federation of Shan principalities in colonial Burma, created by the British in 1922 and ruled indirectly through hereditary chiefs.
Federated state
A federated state is a constituent unit of a federation, such as a state or canton, whose authority the central government cannot unilaterally revoke.
Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM): Pacific island country of Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae, independent November 3, 1986 under the U.S. Compact of Free Association; capital Palikir; renewed 2024 compact worth $3.3 billion.
Federated transfer learning
Federated transfer learning (FTL) is a machine learning approach combining federated and transfer learning, letting parties train models across different domains without exchanging raw data.
Federation
Federation: a state in which constitutional law divides power between a central government and constituent units such as states, provinces, or cantons, each constitutionally protected from unilateral abolition, unlike a unitary state.
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), World Air Sports Federation: non-profit international body founded 14 October 1905 in Paris, headquartered in Lausanne; governs air sports, certifies world aviation and space records, and is an IOC-recognised International Federation.
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale record-holding community
The FAI record-holding community is the international cohort of aviators who set and pursue flight records ratified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, which has registered over 20,000 records since 1906.
Federation Council (Iraq)
Federation Council (مجلس الاتحاد), Iraq's constitutionally mandated second legislative chamber under Articles 48 and 65 of the 2005 Constitution, intended to represent regions and governorates; never formed because its enabling law, requiring a two-thirds parliamentary vote, was never enacted.
Federation Council (Russia)
Federation Council (Совет Федерации), upper house of Russia's Federal Assembly: two appointed senators per federal subject plus up to 30 presidential appointees and a lifetime ex-president seat; non-partisan, formed three ways since 1993, holding powers over martial law, impeachment, and judicial appointments.
Fédération des élus musulmans
The Fédération des élus musulmans (Federation of Muslim Elected Officials) was a political movement in colonial Algeria, founded in June 1927 to defend civic equality for elected Muslims within France.
Federation internationale d'escrime
Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE), International Fencing Federation: world governing body of fencing, founded Paris 1913, headquartered Lausanne, IOC-recognized, 156 member federations, ASOIF A2 governance rating.
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA, formerly AIACR), founded 1904 in Paris: non-profit world governing body for motor sport and federation of motoring organizations; runs F1 and World Championships, road safety advocacy, 245 member organizations, president Mohammed Ben Sulayem.