All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Gingerbread
Gingerbread: spiced baked goods from crisp cookies to cakes and decorated Christmas houses. From Old French gingembrat (preserved ginger); earliest English recipes had no ginger, using honey, breadcrumbs, saffron, and pepper.
Gingerbread man
Gingerbread man: a human-shaped spiced Christmas cookie, also called Lebkuchenmann in Germany. Word from Old French gingembrat (preserved ginger); shape attributed to Elizabeth I; runaway tale published 1875 in St. Nicholas Magazine.
Gingerol
Gingerol is the pungent phenolic oil of fresh ginger, existing as a series of homologs of which 6-gingerol is the principal form and accounts for ginger's pungent flavor and reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic effects.
Gingham
Gingham (vichy check) is a plain-woven, yarn-dyed cotton fabric with even two-color checks, from Malay ginggang 'striped'; imported to Europe in the 17th century, made in Manchester, Lancashire, and Glasgow, and a recurring 1940s-50s and 2026 fashion trend.
Gingipain
Gingipains are trypsin-like cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major cause of chronic periodontitis, serving as its principal virulence factors and drug targets linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Gingival enlargement
Gingival enlargement, also called gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy (ICD-11 DA0D.1), is abnormal gum overgrowth, most often drug-induced by phenytoin, cyclosporine, or calcium channel blockers, managed by plaque control, drug change, azithromycin, or surgery.
Gingival fibromatosis-aortic root dilatation-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome
Liang-Wang syndrome, also called LIWAS, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by KCNMA1 variants, marked by gum overgrowth, aortic root dilatation, facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability.
Gingival fibromatosis-hypertrichosis syndrome
Gingival fibromatosis-hypertrichosis syndrome (CGHT, OMIM 135400) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder causing generalized gum overgrowth from birth or childhood with excessive hair growth on the face, limbs, and back; candidate locus 17q24.2-q24.3, ABCA5.
Gingival graft
A gingival graft is a periodontal surgical procedure in which tissue, usually from the patient's palate, is transplanted to widen attached gingiva or cover exposed tooth roots.
Gingival recession
Gingival recession: apical displacement of the gum margin beyond the cemento-enamel junction exposing the root. Also called periodontal recession; affects 81% of adults at ≥1 mm; treated by connective tissue grafting with coronally advanced flap.
Gingival Retraction Techniques
Gingival retraction techniques (retraction cords, pastes, gels, laser troughing) temporarily displace gum tissue to expose subgingival margins for dental impressions; cords displace more, pastes and lasers traumatize less.
Gingival ulceration
Gingival ulceration (gum ulcer, ulceration of gingivae; ICD-11 DA0D.5, SNOMED CT 71262003) is epithelial loss on the gums with crateriform appearance, caused by trauma, infection such as necrotizing gingivitis, immune disease, or cancer.
Gingivectomy
Gingivectomy is a periodontal surgical procedure that removes diseased or excess gum tissue to eliminate pockets, treating gum disease, drug-induced gingival overgrowth, and a gummy smile.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis, gum inflammation, is the earliest, reversible stage of periodontal disease caused by dental plaque biofilm. Affects 38-85% of adults; causes bleeding, red swollen gums, bad breath; treated by plaque removal.
Gingivoplasty
Gingivoplasty is periodontal surgery that reshapes gum tissue into a physiologic contour, usually after gingivectomy; used in crown lengthening, esthetics, and gingival enlargement, by scalpel or laser.
Gini coefficient
The Gini coefficient, also called the Gini index or Gini ratio, is the most widely used measure of income inequality, ranging from 0 for perfect equality to 1.
Ginini Flats Subalpine Bog Complex
Ginini Flats Subalpine Bog Complex (Ginini Flats Wetland Complex), Ramsar Site 793: a 350 ha subalpine sphagnum bog wetland in Namadgi National Park, ACT, Australia, listed 1 March 1996, the ACT's only Ramsar site and key northern corroboree frog habitat.
Ginkgo
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, maidenhair tree, yinxing) is the sole living species of Ginkgoales, a Chinese living fossil tree, Endangered in the wild, with motile-sperm fertilization and leaf extract lacking proven health benefits.
Ginkgo (album)
Ginkgo is the second studio album by British indie rock band Panchiko, released April 4, 2025 on Nettwerk; 13 tracks, 39 minutes, four pre-release singles including a billy woods feature, UK Independent Album Breakers Chart peak 17.
Ginkgo biloba (银杏)
Ginkgo biloba (银杏), the maidenhair tree, sole living species of Ginkgoales: a living-fossil gymnosperm with fan-shaped dichotomously veined leaves, EGb 761 extracts, toxic MPN-containing seeds, and debated dementia evidence.
Ginkgo Bioworks
Ginkgo Bioworks is a Boston synthetic biology company founded in 2008 by five MIT-affiliated scientists, known as a cell programming foundry engineering organisms for chemicals, agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals.
Ginkgoales
Ginkgoales, an order of gymnosperm seed plants including Ginkgo biloba, the only living species; fossil record from the Permian (~270 Ma), Late Triassic radiation, Jurassic-Early Cretaceous diversity, Laurasian origin, organ-reduction trend.
Ginkgotoxin
Ginkgotoxin (4′-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN) is a vitamin B6 antivitamin in Ginkgo biloba seeds; it inhibits pyridoxal kinase, lowers GABA, and causes vomiting and seizures treated with pyridoxine.
Ginlong Technologies
Ginlong Technologies, which sells inverters under the Solis brand, is a Chinese manufacturer of solar string and energy-storage inverters founded in 2005 in Xiangshan, Ningbo, Zhejiang.
Ginni Rometty
Ginni Rometty, born Virginia Rometty, is an American business executive who was IBM's first female CEO, serving from 2012 to 2020 and leading its pivot to cloud computing.
Ginni Thomas
Ginni (Virginia) Thomas, American conservative activist and attorney, wife of Justice Clarence Thomas; founded Liberty Central and Liberty Consulting, texted Mark Meadows urging overturn of the 2020 election, and testified voluntarily to the Jan. 6 committee.
Ginnie Sebastian Storage
Virginia "Ginnie" Sebastian Storage is the 47th President General of the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, installed June 30, 2025 for the 2025-2028 "Illuminate Our Legacy" administration; a Fredericksburg, Virginia native and former Virginia State Regent who led DAR through America's 250th anniversary.
Ginnie Springs
Ginnie Springs: privately owned group of springs on the Santa Fe River near High Springs, Florida, feeding about 10% of the river's flow; famed cave-diving park whose aquifer water is bottled under a contested Seven Springs/BlueTriton permit.
Ginnifer Goodwin
Ginnifer Goodwin (Jennifer Michelle Goodwin, born 1978, Memphis) is an American actress known for Margene Heffman in Big Love, Snow White/Mary Margaret in Once Upon a Time, and voicing Judy Hopps in Zootopia and Zootopia 2.
Ginnig
Ginnig is a small prehistoric tell in the north Jazira plain of northern Iraq, occupied at the transition from the aceramic Neolithic to the earliest pottery-using period.