All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
GSK plc
GSK plc (GlaxoSmithKline) is a British biopharmaceutical company formed in December 2000 by merging Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. It sells specialty medicines, vaccines, and general medicines, with £32.7bn 2025 turnover, and spun off Haleon in 2022.
GSK3B
GSK3B (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, GSK-3β) is a human chromosome 3 gene encoding a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase that regulates glycogen synthesis, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and tau phosphorylation, implicated in diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cancer.
GSM
GSM, the Global System for Mobile Communications, is a 2G digital cellular standard developed in Europe in the late 1980s and adopted worldwide, using TDMA and the SIM card.
GSM 03.38
GSM 03.38, published today as 3GPP TS 23.038, is the specification defining SMS character encodings; its 7-bit alphabet lets a 140-byte message carry 160 characters.
GSM frequency bands
GSM frequency bands: paired FDD allocations (P/E/R-GSM 900, DCS 1800, GSM 850, PCS 1900, GSM 750/480) with 200 kHz carrier spacing, ARFCN numbering, duplex spacings of 45/95/30 MHz, and EU/CEPT regulatory history.
GSM services
GSM services are the telecommunication services a GSM mobile network offers its subscribers: voice calls, SMS, data, supplementary services such as call forwarding, and international roaming.
GSM-R
GSM-R (GSM-Railway) is a railway digital radio communication system based on the GSM standard, used for driver and traffic control communication, emergency calls, and train control data.
GSM8K
GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K) is a benchmark of roughly 8,500 grade-school math word problems released by OpenAI in 2021, which became the standard test for chain-of-thought reasoning before saturating in the mid-2020s.
GSM8K verifier-based RL (verifier engineering)
Verifier-based selection and reinforcement learning for GSM8K is a family of methods from OpenAI's Cobbe and colleagues, introduced in 2021 to grade candidate math solutions.
GSMA
The GSMA (GSM Association) is a global trade organization for mobile operators, founded in 1987, headquartered in London, and organizer of the Mobile World Congress.
Gso Capital Solutions
GSO Capital Solutions is a series of Blackstone rescue-financing funds investing in companies facing liquidity problems, with its third fund closing at $7 billion in 2018.
Gso European Senior Debt
GSO European Senior Debt includes Fund I, which closed in 2015 with about EUR 2 billion in committed capital, and Fund II, which closed in 2019 with USD 4.5 billion.
GSoul
GSoul (지소울) is a South Korean R&B and soul singer-songwriter who trained 15 years at JYP Entertainment before debuting with the EP Coming Home in 2015.
gsplat
gsplat is an open-source library for training Gaussian Splatting methods, created by the Nerfstudio team and offering faster, more memory-efficient rasterization than the original 2023 implementation.
GSPO
GSPO, or Group Sequence Policy Optimization, is a reinforcement learning objective for large language models introduced by Alibaba's Qwen team in July 2025 as a more stable alternative to GRPO.
Gsr Ventures
GSR Ventures is an early-stage venture capital firm founded in 2004 and based in Menlo Park, California, investing in technology companies in the United States and China.
GSR-ET study
The GSR-ET study (German Stroke Registry–Endovascular Treatment) is an academic, industry-independent registry evaluating endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke in routine care at 25 German stroke centers since 2015.
GSS trial
The GSS trial, or Good Schools Study, was a cluster randomized trial in 42 Ugandan primary schools that found the Good School Toolkit cut staff violence by 42%.
GSST (Ge2Sb2Se4Te1) phase-change material
GSST, the chalcogenide alloy Ge2Sb2Se4Te1, is an optical phase-change material developed at MIT from 2018 as a selenium-substituted GST derivative, offering low infrared loss and a large index contrast.
GSTA1
GSTA1 (glutathione S-transferase alpha 1, GST2, GSTA1-1) is a human gene on 6p12.2 encoding a liver-abundant alpha-class glutathione transferase homodimer that detoxifies electrophiles and drugs; the GSTA1*B promoter variant reduces hepatic expression and busulfan clearance.
Gstaad
Gstaad (Saanenland, canton of Bern) is an upmarket Swiss ski resort at 1,050 m in the municipality of Saanen, centre of a ten-village destination with 200–220 km of slopes, separate Glacier 3000 glacier skiing, the Menuhin Festival and Swiss Open tennis, and prime property among Europe's most expensive.
Gstaad Palace
Gstaad Palace is a five-star superior grand hotel on the Oberbort hill above Gstaad in the Swiss Alps, opened in 1913 and owned by the Scherz family since 1938.
GSTM1
GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase mu 1, HGNC:4632, NCBI 2944) is a human mu-class GST gene at 1p13.3 detoxifying electrophiles via glutathione conjugation; its common GSTM1*0 whole-gene deletion null allele, present in about half of people, modestly raises lung and head-and-neck cancer risk.
GSTM3
GSTM3 (glutathione S-transferase mu 3, GST5, GSTB) is a human gene at 1p13.3 in the mu-class GST cluster encoding a 225-aa homodimeric glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18), highly expressed in testis and kidney, polymorphic at an intron 6 indel studied for cancer risk.
GSTO1
GSTO1 (glutathione S-transferase omega 1, GSTO 1-1, p28) is a human cytosolic omega-class GST on chromosome 10q24.3 with a catalytic Cys32 that catalyzes deglutathionylation, dehydroascorbate reduction, and monomethylarsonate reduction, and is an inflammation and cancer drug target.
GSTP1
Glutathione S-transferase, Pi class (GSTP1-1, EC 2.5.1.18), human pi-class detoxification enzyme on chromosome 11q13; homodimer conjugating GSH with electrophiles, inhibits JNK, overexpressed in tumors, Ile105Val polymorphism, promoter methylation cancer biomarker.
GSTT1
GSTT1 (glutathione S-transferase theta 1) is a human detoxification gene at 22q11.23 whose enzyme conjugates glutathione to electrophilic compounds; the gene is deleted (null) in 38% of people.
Gsv Ventures
GSV Ventures is a Chicago-based venture capital firm founded in 2016 that invests in education technology, part of the GSV (Global Silicon Valley) platform led by Michael Moe.
GT Academy
GT Academy (2008–2016) was a Nissan, PlayStation and Polyphony Digital virtual-to-reality competition turning Gran Turismo players into professional racing drivers; 22–23 graduates included Lucas Ordóñez and Jann Mardenborough.
GT Dave
GT Dave, born George Thomas Dave, is an American entrepreneur who founded GT's Living Foods in 1995 and built it into the largest kombucha seller in the United States.