All articles starting with I
13,727 articles
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians, also called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples or First Nations peoples, are Australia's original inhabitants, 812,728 people (3.2%) at the 2021 Census, with at least 65,000 years of occupation, 167 home languages, no treaty, and a rejected 2023 Voice referendum.
Indigenous customary adoption in Canada
Indigenous customary adoption in Canada is adoption under a First Nations, Inuit, or Métis community's own customs, recognized by Canadian courts for over 40 years.
Indigenous identity fraud in Canada and the United States
Indigenous identity fraud, also called pretendianism, is falsely claiming Indigenous ancestry or identity for jobs, funding, or awards in Canada and the United States. Covers terminology, notable cases, harms, DNA limits, and university verification policies.
Indigenous land claims in Canada
Indigenous land claims in Canada comprise comprehensive claims (modern treaties, 26 signed since 1973 after Calder v. BC, covering over 40% of Canada) and specific claims (802 resolved, over $24.7 billion, through the 2008 Specific Claims Tribunal), alongside Aboriginal title litigation and First Nation land governance.
Indigenous language
Indigenous language: a language historically developed and transmitted by an Indigenous People, spoken or signed, embodying cultural identity and knowledge systems; most are endangered, with UNESCO's 2022-2032 International Decade driving revitalization.
Indigenous languages of the Americas
The Indigenous languages of the Americas are the languages of Native American peoples, numbering an estimated 800 to 1,000 and grouped into more than a hundred families.
Indigenous literary renaissance in Canada
The Indigenous literary renaissance in Canada is the cultural and political resurgence, beginning around 1960, in which First Nations, Métis, and Inuit writers and publishers reasserted control over Indigenous representation.
Indigenous Music Awards
The Indigenous Music Awards, until 2015 the Aboriginal Peoples Choice Music Awards, were Winnipeg-based awards honoring First Nations, Inuit, and Métis recording artists worldwide, part of the Manito Ahbee Festival.
Indigenous People of Biafra
Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Biafran separatist movement founded by Nnamdi Kanu from MASSOB around 2012–2014, seeks Biafran restoration via referendum; proscribed 2017, ESN armed wing 2020, sit-at-home orders, leader detained since 2021.
Indigenous people of New Guinea
The indigenous people of New Guinea, also called Papuan peoples, are Melanesian populations who have occupied the island for some 50,000 years and speak about 1,000 languages.
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples: over 476 million people in 90-plus countries (6.2% of humanity), defined by self-identification rather than a UN definition; rights under UNDRIP (2007) and ILO Convention 169, and recognized stewardship of a quarter of global land.
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples in Brazil (povos indígenas): 1,694,836 people in the 2022 census, 391 ethnicities, 295 languages; land rights under Article 231, demarcation under Decree 1775/96, marco temporal struck down by the STF.
Indigenous peoples in Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada: the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples recognized in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982; 1.8 million people (5.0%) at the 2021 Census.
Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Indigenous peoples in Colombia, also called Native Colombians, are about 115 self-recognized aboriginal peoples, 1.9 million people or 4.4 percent of the population in 2018.
Indigenous peoples in Quebec
Indigenous peoples in Quebec comprise 11 recognized nations, 10 First Nations plus the Inuit, in three language families. Key facts: 41 communities, 122,403 registered people (2025), 205,010 census-identified (2021), James Bay Agreement 1975.
Indigenous peoples of Arizona
Indigenous peoples of Arizona: 22 federally recognized Native nations, including the Navajo (Diné), Tohono O'odham, Apache, Hopi, and Yavapai, whose reservations cover nearly a quarter of the state.
Indigenous peoples of California
Indigenous peoples of California: 60+ tribes speaking 78-90 languages, pre-contact population about 300,000-310,000, decline to 15,377 by 1900, and 109 federally recognized tribes today.
Indigenous peoples of Cuba
Indigenous peoples of Cuba: pre-contact Taíno and Ciboney (Guanahatabey) societies of South American origin, their demographic collapse under Spanish conquest, surviving eastern Cuban descendant communities, and the genetic legacy (33% Native American maternal lineages, about 4% genome-wide ancestry) persisting in today's Cubans.
Indigenous peoples of Mexico
Indigenous peoples of Mexico (pueblos indígenas de México), self-identified descendants of pre-Columbian inhabitants, over 23 million people (about 20% of Mexico), speaking 364 language variants in 11 families; Nahuatl largest; rights shaped by ILO 169, the 2001 amendment, and the 2024 Article 2 reform.
Indigenous peoples of New York (state)
Indigenous peoples of New York State: nine federally or state-recognized nations including the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and Long Island's Shinnecock and Unkechaug; about 400,000 residents of Native heritage, ongoing land claims, and state consultation frameworks.
Indigenous peoples of Siberia
Indigenous peoples of Siberia: 47 legally recognized small-numbered groups under 50,000 each, about 316,000 people by the 2010 census, living by reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, and gathering across the Russian North, Siberia, and Far East.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The Indigenous peoples of the Americas, also known as Amerindians, descend from the peoples who inhabited the Americas before European contact; hundreds of distinct ethnic groups survive today.
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin: Western Shoshone (Newe), Goshute, Ute, Paiute (Numu, Nuwu), and Washoe (Wašiw) nations of the arid US interior; Numic speakers except Washoe, over 13,000 years of occupation, foraging lifeways, and ongoing water and sovereignty struggles.
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, also called Northwest Coast First Nations (Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka'wakw, Coast Salish and others), are the Native nations of the Alaskan-to-northern-California coast, marked by salmon economies, stratified kin-groups, the potlatch, monumental carving, and treaty fishing rights.
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines, also known as Indigenous Philippine tribes, are culturally distinct communities. They are recognized by the 1997 Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act.
Indigenous self-government in Canada
Indigenous self-government in Canada, also known as Aboriginal self-government, is the law-making authority of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis governments, implemented through agreements under the Canadian Constitution.
Indigenous specific land claims in Canada
Indigenous specific land claims in Canada are grievances filed by First Nations against the federal government for failing obligations under pre-1975 treaties, separate from comprehensive land claims.
Indigenous theatre
Indigenous theater is performance created by Indigenous peoples, including First Nations, Métis, Native American, Aboriginal Australian, and Māori artists, spanning traditional practices and contemporary stage work made since colonization.
Indigenous theatre in North America
Indigenous theater in North America is theater created by Native American and First Nations artists in the United States and Canada through dedicated companies, festivals, and training.
Indigenous Voice to Parliament
Indigenous Voice to Parliament: proposed Australian constitutional advisory body from the 2017 Uluru Statement; rejected at the 14 October 2023 referendum with 60.06% No nationally and in all six states.