All articles starting with I
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Introduction to viruses
A virus is a microscopic infective agent, made of DNA or RNA in a protein shell, that cannot reproduce alone and causes diseases such as AIDS and measles.
Introgression
Introgression: permanent transfer of genes between species via hybridization and repeated backcrossing, coined by Edgar Anderson; includes adaptive introgression, detection methods, crop breeding uses, and transgene risks.
Introjection
Introjection: psychoanalytic concept coined by Sándor Ferenczi in 1909, the unconscious absorption of an external object's qualities into the psyche as an introject, opposite of projection, also used in self-determination theory.
Intromittent organ
Intromittent organ: any structure placing gametes into a mate for internal fertilization, including penises, shark claspers, and the cephalopod hectocotylus; defined by gamete delivery, unlike external-fertilization squid organs.
Intron
Intron: noncoding DNA segment within a gene, removed by splicing from the primary transcript. Discovered 1977 by Roberts and Sharp (1993 Nobel); four classes; spliceosomal introns form lariats and regulate gene expression.
Introspection
Introspection, from Latin intra and spicere, is first-person access to one's own ongoing mental states. Once Wundt's founding method of scientific psychology, its existence and reliability remain debated, now extended to metacognition and LLMs.
Introspective
Introspective is the third studio album by the English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, released in 1988. Its six extended dance tracks made it their best-selling album.
Introversion
Introversion is the stage name of Julius Debler, a German techno producer and DJ based in Berlin, known for the 2017 Dystopia EP on the label ARTS.
Introversion Software
Introversion Software is a British independent video game developer and publisher founded in 2001 by four Imperial College London students, best known for Prison Architect, Uplink, and DEFCON.
Introverted Boss (내성적인 보스)
Introverted Boss (내성적인 보스, also called My Shy Boss) is a 2017 tvN Monday-Tuesday romantic comedy, 16 episodes, directed by Song Hyun-wook, written by Joo Hwa-mi, starring Yeon Woo-jin as introverted PR CEO Eun Hwan-ki and Park Hye-soo as Chae Ro-woon; premiered January 16, 2017 at 3.2% Nielsen Korea.
Intruders (2015 film)
Intruders (2015) is Adam Schindler's American home-invasion horror-thriller starring Beth Riesgraf as agoraphobic Anna Rook, who traps three burglars; distinct from The Intruders (2015) with Miranda Cosgrove.
Intrusion (film)
Intrusion (2021) is a Netflix psychological thriller directed by Adam Salky, written by Chris Sparling, starring Freida Pinto and Logan Marshall-Green; a home invasion in New Mexico hides dark secrets. Not to be confused with An Intrusion (2021).
Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics
Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics (ICE) is fictional cyberpunk security software coined by Tom Maddox and popularized by William Gibson, whose lethal black ice can kill intruding hackers.
Intrusion detection system
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is software or hardware that monitors network or host activity for unauthorized access and raises alerts, based on NIST definitions.
Intrusion prevention system
An intrusion prevention system (IPS) is a security technology that monitors network or host activity for attacks and attempts to stop them, unlike an IDS, which only alerts.
Intrusive thought
Intrusive thought: unwanted, unintended, recurrent thoughts, images, or urges that interrupt thought flow; also called obsessions in OCD. Key concepts include thought-action fusion, suppression rebound effect, and transdiagnostic role in OCD, PTSD, depression.
Inttelligent
Inttelligent (ఇంటిలిజెంట్), also known as Dharma Bhai, is a 2018 Telugu action drama directed by V. V. Vinayak, starring Sai Dharam Tej and Lavanya Tripathi, based on 2014 Kukatpally incidents; a box-office failure.
Intubation
Intubation (endotracheal intubation) is placement of a tube into the trachea to secure the airway, enable ventilation, and protect the lungs; used in over 80% of general anesthesia cases and in emergencies, pioneered by Macewen in 1878 and Jackson in 1913.
Intudo Ventures
Intudo Ventures is a Jakarta-based venture capital firm, founded in 2017 by Patrick Yip and Eddy Chan, that invests exclusively in Indonesian startups such as Xendit and Halodoc.
Intuit
Intuit Inc. is an American financial technology company founded in 1983 and headquartered in Mountain View, California, whose products include TurboTax, QuickBooks, Credit Karma, Mailchimp, and Quicken.
Intuit Dome
Intuit Dome, formerly the Inglewood Basketball and Entertainment Center, is an arena in Inglewood, California, opened in 2024 as the privately financed $2 billion home of the Los Angeles Clippers.
Intuition
Intuition is a cognitive process that allows for quick, effortless decisions based on implicit learning and pattern recognition. Professionals like firefighters use it frequently in naturalistic decision-making.
Intuitionism
Intuitionism, also called mathematical intuitionism, is a philosophy of mathematics founded by the Dutch mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer in 1907, treating mathematics as a creation of the mind.
Intuitionistic fuzzy sets
Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, introduced by Bulgarian mathematician Krassimir T. Atanassov in 1983, generalize Zadeh's fuzzy sets with independent membership and non-membership degrees and are widely used in decision making.
Intuitionistic logic
Intuitionistic logic, also called constructivist logic, is a logic without the law of excluded middle, abstracted by L. E. J. Brouwer's intuitionistic mathematics and formalized by Arend Heyting in 1930.
Intuitive EndoWrist instruments
Intuitive EndoWrist instruments are wristed surgical instruments made by Intuitive Surgical for the da Vinci Surgical System, reproducing a human wrist's range of motion inside the body.
Intuitive Machines
Intuitive Machines is an American space exploration company founded in Houston, Texas in 2013, best known for landing Odysseus on the Moon in 2024, the first commercial lunar landing.
Intuitive SureForm stapler
The Intuitive SureForm stapler is a family of fully wristed, single-use surgical staplers by Intuitive Surgical, controlled from the da Vinci console with SmartFire technology that adjusts tissue compression during firing.
Intuitive Surgical
Intuitive Surgical is a Sunnyvale, California medical-device company founded in 1995 that dominates soft-tissue robotic surgery, with over 11,000 da Vinci systems installed and 20 million procedures performed.
Intuity Medical
Intuity Medical, formerly Rosedale Medical, Inc., is a privately held medical technology company in Fremont, California, known for POGO Automatic, an FDA-cleared one-step blood glucose monitoring system.