All articles starting with J
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Japanese Third Army
The Japanese Third Army (第三軍) was an Imperial Japanese Army field army created in 1904, commanded by General Nogi Maresuke, that besieged and took Port Arthur in 1905.
Japanese traditional time units (fubetsu and temporal hours)
Japanese traditional time units, known as futeijihō or temporal hours, split each day into six daytime and six nighttime toki whose lengths varied with the seasons until 1873.
Japanese typography
Japanese typography is the system of composing written Japanese, combining four scripts in square character frames set vertically or horizontally, with rules codified in standard JIS X 4051.
Japanese units of measurement
Japanese units of measurement, known as shakkan-hō (尺貫法), are the customary units Japan adopted from China, used officially until metrification in 1959; the shō and tsubo survive in sake, rice, and real estate.
Japanese university publishing
Japanese university publishing, known as daigaku shuppan, is Japan's sector of university presses and commercial scholarly publishers of academic monographs, led by the University of Tokyo Press, founded in 1951.
Japanese war crimes
Japanese war crimes: atrocities by the Empire of Japan's forces, 1931–1945, including the Nanjing Massacre, comfort women, Unit 731 human experimentation, and POW abuse, and the postwar Tokyo and Allied trials.
Japanese war fan
The Japanese war fan, or tessen, is a fan carried by military commanders in premodern Japan to signal troops, mark rank, and serve as a weapon.
Japanese war literature
Japanese war literature (戦争文学, sensō bungaku) is the body of Japanese fiction, poetry, reportage, and memoir that takes war as its subject, from Meiji war novels to postwar antiwar works.
Japanese whisky
Japanese whisky is whisky produced in Japan, beginning with Suntory's Yamazaki distillery in 1923 and Nikka's founding in 1934. Distinctive mizunara oak casks and blending; JSLMA labeling rules since 2024 require Japanese production and three-year maturation.
Japanese withdrawal of 1598
The Japanese withdrawal of 1598 was the evacuation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's armies from Korea, ordered after his death and completed by December 1598, ending the seven-year war begun in 1592.
Japanese wolf
Japanese wolf (ニホンオオカミ, Canis lupus hodophilax): extinct small gray wolf subspecies of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, last captured 1905 in Nara; closest gray wolf relative of dogs, descended partly from Pleistocene Siberian wolves.
Japanese wordplay
Japanese wordplay (言葉遊び, kotoba asobi) covers puns, dajare, kakekotoba, oriku, palindromes, goroawase number puns, and kanji script play, rooted in homophony from simple syllable structure and dual sound-meaning kanji, plus English loanword punning.
Japanese work environment
The Japanese work environment, also known as Japanese work culture, is the set of institutions and legal rules governing employment in Japan, marked by long tenure and overwork deaths.
Japanese writing system
The Japanese writing system combines kanji (Chinese characters), the hiragana and katakana syllabaries derived from them, and romaji (Latin script). Kanji reached Japan around the 1st century; kana formed in the 9th; three romanization systems, chiefly Hepburn and kunrei-shiki, remain in parallel use.
Japanese yen (円)
The Japanese yen (円, 日本円), also called the Japan Yen, is the currency of Japan, issued by the Bank of Japan since 1885 and introduced in 1871.
Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (日本語能力試験)
Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (日本語能力試験, JLPT), five-level (N1–N5) certification test for non-native Japanese speakers run since 1984 by the Japan Foundation and JEES, held each July and December with IRT scaled scoring and sectional pass marks.
Japanese–Italian War
Japanese–Italian War: the 1943 armed confrontation in China after Italy's 8 September armistice, when Japan seized the Tianjin concession, disarmed San Marco garrisons, and interned about 1,100 Italians.
Japanning
Japanning: European imitation of East Asian lacquer using shellac, sandarac, and spirit or oil varnishes, heat-dried and polished; codified by Stalker and Parker's 1688 treatise, centered in England, France, and Germany, later industrialized on tinplate and papier-mâché.
Japanophilia
Japanophilia is the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people, or history (Japanese: shinnichi, 親日), distinct from Japonisme, the 19th-20th century Western art movement sparked by Japan's 1854 opening, the 1867 Paris Exposition, and collectors such as Charles Longfellow.
Japantown
Japantown, or Nihonmachi (日本人町), refers to Japanese American business and cultural districts, historically on the U.S. West Coast; only three survive, in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Jose, after WWII incarceration and urban renewal.
Japantown, San Francisco
Japantown (Nihonmachi), San Francisco: oldest and largest of three remaining US Japantowns, in the Western Addition since 1906; devastated by WWII incarceration and 1948 redevelopment, now a designated cultural district.
Japchae (잡채)
Japchae, also spelled chapchae (잡채), is a Korean dish of chewy sweet potato starch noodles stir-fried with vegetables, mushrooms, and usually beef, seasoned with soy sauce and sesame oil.
Japhet Tanganga
Japhet Tanganga, English defender from Hackney; Tottenham academy product, Premier League debut vs Liverpool January 2020; later Millwall (permanent 2024) and Sheffield United from August 2025.
Japheth
Japheth (Hebrew Yepheth) is the third-named son of Noah in the Hebrew Bible, blessed after the flood as ancestor of fourteen peoples of Anatolia and the Aegean.
Japji Sahib (ਜਪੁਜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ)
Japji Sahib (ਜਪੁਜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is the opening composition of the Guru Granth Sahib, attributed to Guru Nanak and recited by devout Sikhs as the first daily morning prayer.
Japka
Japka (잡과), also called jap-eop, was a Korean civil-service examination instituted in 958 that selected technical specialist officials in fields such as medicine, law, and translation.
Japonic languages
The Japonic languages, also known as Japanese–Ryukyuan, are a language family comprising mainland Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages, all descended from a reconstructed ancestor, Proto-Japonic.
Japonisme
Japonisme is the Western fascination with Japanese art and design after Japan ended its seclusion in the 1850s, named by critic Philippe Burty in 1872.
Japurá (river, Brazil)
Japurá, the Brazilian name of the Caquetá River, an Andean-origin Amazon tributary rising at Páramo de las Papas, Colombia; about 2,800 km long, discharging 18,620 m3/s into the Solimões near Tefé.
Jaqmaq
Jaqmaq (جقمق), fully al-Malik al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Abu Sa'id, was a Circassian Mamluk sultan of Egypt who reigned from 1438 to 1453, after deposing al-Aziz Yusuf.