All articles starting with J
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Jewish economists
Jewish economists are economists of Jewish descent, upbringing, or self-identification; though about 0.2 percent of world population, they have won roughly 40 percent of Nobel economics prizes since 1969.
Jewish eschatology
Jewish eschatology, also called Jewish apocalypticism, is the body of Jewish beliefs about the end of days: the Messiah, resurrection of the dead, and the World to Come.
Jewish ethics
Jewish ethics is the body of Jewish teachings on moral life, character, and human duties, originating in the Hebrew Bible and developed through rabbinic law and philosophy.
Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish ethnic divisions cover the Ashkenazim of Europe, Sephardim of Iberian origin, and Mizrahim of the Middle East and North Africa, plus smaller groups like Beta Israel; also their genetics, languages, and role in Israeli society.
Jewish exilarchate (Resh Galuta)
The Jewish exilarchate (رأس الجالوت), or Resh Galuta, was the office of the head of Babylonian Jewry, whose holders claimed Davidic descent, from late antiquity to about 1040.
Jewish exodus from Morocco
The Jewish exodus from Morocco was the mass emigration of Morocco's Jewish community, mainly to Israel, between 1948 and the 1970s; over 270,000 migrated to Israel by 2012.
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
The Jewish exodus from the Muslim world: the departure of roughly 850,000 Jews from Arab countries and about one million from Islamic lands between 1948 and the 1970s, mostly to Israel, leaving around 30,000 in Muslim countries by 2020.
Jewish garrison at Elephantine
The Jewish garrison at Elephantine, or Jewish colony of Yeb, was a Judaean military colony in southern Egypt under Persian rule, best known for its temple destroyed in 410 BC.
Jewish hat
The Jewish hat (Judenhut, pileus cornutus) was the pointed cone headdress of medieval European Jewish men, at first worn voluntarily as a Jewish symbol, then legally imposed in German-speaking lands from about 1250 to 1750 after the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, before declining by 1500 in favor of the yellow badge.
Jewish history
Jewish history: the history and scholarly study of the Jewish people, from the Second Temple's destruction in 70 CE and the rise of rabbinic Judaism through Diaspora life, the 1881–1914 mass migration, and the competing Zionist and Diaspora historiographies of Dubnow, Baron, and the Jerusalem school.
Jewish holidays (ימים טובים)
Jewish holidays, known in Hebrew as yamim tovim or chagim, are the festivals of the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, including Passover, Yom Kippur, Purim, and Hanukkah.
Jewish Hospital
Jewish Hospital (UofL Health – Jewish Hospital), Louisville, Kentucky hospital founded by the Jewish community, opened 1905; known for hand transplants, AbioCor artificial heart firsts, and all five solid organ transplants.
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
The Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine (1939–1948) was an armed campaign by the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi against British rule, marked by the King David Hotel bombing and ending with Israel's founding.
Jewish languages
Jewish languages: the Diaspora varieties Jews developed from local languages with Hebrew-Aramaic components, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic, alongside revived Hebrew; most historical varieties are now endangered.
Jewish Military Union
Jewish Military Union (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy, ŻZW), Revisionist Zionist-Betar underground army in the Warsaw ghetto; about 250 fighters under Paweł Frenkiel and Leon Rodal who fought at Muranowski square in the 1943 ghetto uprising alongside the ŻOB.
Jewish mysticism
Jewish mysticism, also called Hebrew mysticism, is the umbrella term for Jewish traditions holding that God can be experienced immediately, expressed through the merkavah throne-chariot and Kabbalah.
Jewish mythology
Jewish mythology: sacred narratives and supernatural beings of the Hebrew Bible, Talmud, Kabbalah, and folklore, including the divine assembly, angels, demons, Lilith, dybbuks, and the golem of Prague.
Jewish name
Jewish name: the Hebrew religious name (shem hakodesh) given at birth or conversion, paired with a secular kinnui; Ashkenazi naming after deceased relatives, Sephardi after living, plus surname history and modern American and Israeli naming trends.
Jewish National Fund
The Jewish National Fund, or Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael, is an organization founded in 1901 that owns about 2.5 million dunams of land in Israel and plants its forests.
Jewish nose
The "Jewish nose" is an antisemitic stereotype of a distinctive hooked nose, arising in 13th-century Christian art, codified by race science and plastic surgery, and persisting in propaganda and media.
Jewish population by country
Jewish population by country, also called Jews by country, is the distribution of the world's Jews, concentrated in Israel and the United States, with about 14.8 million worldwide in 2020.
Jewish prayer (תפילה)
Jewish prayer (תפילה, Tefillah), also called Davening, is the fixed liturgical worship of Judaism, organized around three daily services, Shacharit, Mincha, and Ma'ariv, centered on the Shema and Amidah.
Jewish principles of faith
Jewish principles of faith, Hebrew ikkarei emunah, are enumerated beliefs Jewish thinkers declared necessary, the most famous being Maimonides' thirteen principles, formulated in the twelfth century.
Jewish pro-Palestinian activism
Jewish pro-Palestinian activism: political action by Jews and Jewish groups, mainly Jewish Voice for Peace (founded 1996), IfNotNow (2014), and Jewish Voice for Liberation, supporting Palestinian rights through anti-occupation and anti-Zionist organizing, BDS endorsement, and campus protest.
Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč
Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč (Židovská čtvrť a bazilika sv. Prokopa), a serial UNESCO World Heritage site in Moravia, Czech Republic, inscribed 2003: a preserved Jewish ghetto, old cemetery, and early 13th-century basilica.
Jewish question
The Jewish question (Judenfrage): European debate since the 1770s over the political status and rights of Jews, spanning emancipation (France 1791), racial antisemitism, Herzl's Zionism, and the Nazi Final Solution.
Jewish religious clothing
Jewish religious clothing: tzitzit and tallit, kippah, tzniut modest dress, and married women's hair covering, plus Shabbat and holiday garments, shatnez law, and Hasidic dress adapted from Eastern European fashion.
Jewish religious movements
Jewish religious movements, also called Jewish denominations, are the organized branches of Jewish religious life, chiefly Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist, which differ on how binding Jewish law is and who counts as Jewish.
Jewish secularism
Jewish secularism: Jewish identity and culture without religious belief or observance; also called secular or humanistic Judaism. About 45% of Israeli Jews and roughly 3 in 10 US Jews identify as secular, yet many keep practices like the Passover seder.
Jewish supremacy
Jewish supremacy is a contested term: a conspiracy theme in white supremacist and antisemitic ideology, and a critical label for specific Israeli policies and far-right movements such as Lehava and Otzma Yehudit.