All articles starting with L
25,375 articles
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer, cancer of the larynx (voice box), mostly squamous cell carcinoma; US 2025 estimates 13,020 new cases, 3,910 deaths; incidence falling about 2.5% yearly; treated by radiation, surgery, or chemoradiation for larynx preservation.
Laryngeal diphtheria
Laryngeal diphtheria is respiratory diphtheria caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae infecting the larynx, marked by hoarseness, a barking cough, and an adherent pseudomembrane that can obstruct the airway; treated with antitoxin and antibiotics.
Laryngeal hypoplasia
Laryngeal hypoplasia is congenital underdevelopment of the larynx (ICD-10 Q31.2, ICD-11 LA71.2), a narrowed airway presenting at or soon after birth, often with syndromes such as Opitz-G and Marshall-Smith.
Laryngeal mask airway
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), also called supraglottic airway device: cuffed tube invented by Archie Brain in 1981, seated over the larynx for anesthesia, neonatal resuscitation, and emergency airway management without tracheal intubation.
Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor
Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor: rare supraglottic epithelial neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation; classified as NET G1–G3, small/large cell NEC, or MiNEN; G2 NET most common, HRAS-mutated, calcitonin-positive.
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Laryngeal papillomatosis, or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), is a rare HPV 6/11-caused disease with recurrent benign airway tumors, mostly in the larynx, treated by repeated surgery, bevacizumab, and the 2025-approved immunotherapy Papzimeos.
Laryngeal theory
Laryngeal theory posits Proto-Indo-European consonants h₁, h₂, h₃, proposed by Saussure in 1879, confirmed by Hittite ḫ via Kuryłowicz in 1927, lost in all branches except Anatolian.
Laryngectomy
Laryngectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the larynx (voice box), mainly for laryngeal cancer. Total laryngectomy, first done by Billroth in 1873, creates a permanent neck stoma, separates airway from digestive tract, and requires voice rehabilitation (TEP prosthesis, esophageal speech, electrolarynx).
Laryngitis
Laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx or voice box, causes hoarseness and voice loss, usually from viral infection; acute cases resolve in 1 to 2 weeks, while chronic laryngitis lasting over 3 weeks needs laryngoscopy.
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome (LOC, Shabbir syndrome, LOGIC syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive subtype of junctional epidermolysis bullosa caused by LAMA3 mutations, marked by granulation tissue of larynx, conjunctiva, and nails, mainly in Punjabi families.
Laryngocele
A laryngocele is a rare, air-filled dilatation of the laryngeal saccule that causes hoarseness, cough, and sometimes a neck mass, mainly in men over 50; treatment is surgical excision.
Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia, congenital softening of the supraglottic larynx causing inspiratory stridor, is the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly; most cases resolve by age 2, severe cases need supraglottoplasty.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR, silent or extraesophageal reflux): backflow of gastric contents into the larynx and pharynx causing cough, hoarseness, and globus, often without heartburn; distinguished from LPRD by objective reflux testing.
Laryngoplasty
Laryngoplasty, also known as medialization laryngoplasty, is head and neck surgery that reshapes the larynx's cartilage, typically placing an implant beside a paralyzed vocal fold to restore voice.
Laryngoscopes
Laryngoscopes, also called laryngoscope blades or videolaryngoscopes (GlideScope, C-MAC), are lighted instruments for viewing the larynx, used for diagnosing voice-box disease and guiding endotracheal intubation.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy: visual examination of the larynx and vocal folds, directly or indirectly. Types include mirror (indirect), flexible fiberoptic, direct rigid, and videolaryngoscopy; pioneered by Manuel Garcia in 1854 and Alfred Kirstein in 1895.
Laryngospasm
Laryngospasm, reflex glottic closure by laryngeal adductor muscles causing partial or complete airway obstruction; perioperative incidence about 8.7/1,000 anesthetics (17.4/1,000 in children), managed with CPAP, Larson maneuver, propofol or succinylcholine.
Laryngotracheal reconstruction
Laryngotracheal reconstruction is an open surgical operation that widens a narrowed larynx or trachea, most often in children, by interposing cartilage grafts to treat laryngotracheal stenosis.
Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft
Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC, laryngeal cleft): rare congenital posterior communication between larynx, trachea, and esophagus; Benjamin-Inglis types I-IV; incidence 1/10,000-1/20,000 live births; treated conservatively or by endoscopic/open repair.
Larynx
Larynx (voice box): cartilaginous organ at C3-C6 connecting pharynx to trachea; divided into supraglottis, glottis, subglottis; protects the airway, enables phonation; cricoid is the only complete airway ring; innervated by vagus branches.
Larynx atresia
Larynx atresia (laryngeal atresia), ORPHA:1202, is a rare congenital absence of the laryngeal lumen causing CHAOS, lethal without immediate airway intervention such as EXIT or delivery-room tracheostomy.
Larysa Hienijuš
Larysa Hienijuš (Ларыса Геніюш), born Miklaševič, was a Belarusian poet and General Secretary of the exiled Belarusian government; sentenced in 1949 to 25 years in Gulag camps, she died in 1983.
Las 3 Torres
Las 3 Torres is a 16-song joint album by corridos tumbados artists Natanael Cano, Junior H, and Ovi, released in December 2020 through Rancho Humilde.
Las Américas International Airport
Las Américas International Airport, also known as Aeropuerto Internacional Las Américas, is the main airport serving Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, about 23 kilometers east of the city.
Las Anod conflict
The Las Anod conflict is an armed conflict that began in early 2023 between Somaliland forces and Dhulbahante militias; Somaliland withdrew from Las Anod in August 2023.
Las Bambas
Las Bambas is a large open-pit copper mine in the Apurímac Region of southern Peru, near Challhuahuacho and about 75 km southwest of Cusco, operated by MMG Limited since 2016.
Las Chicas del Can
Las Chicas del Can is an all-female merengue orchestra from the Dominican Republic, founded by singer Belkis Concepción around 1981 and known for its gold- and platinum-selling 1980s hits.
Las Colinas landslide
The Las Colinas landslide was a fast-moving flow-slide of volcanic soil triggered by the January 13, 2001 El Salvador earthquake, burying a Santa Tecla neighborhood and killing several hundred people.
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Las Cruces, New Mexico: second-largest city and Doña Ana County seat in the Mesilla Valley; founded 1849, population 116,978 (2025), arid climate, Rio Grande irrigation agriculture, council-manager government.
Las Cumbres Observatory
Las Cumbres Observatory is a nonprofit observatory in Goleta, California, founded in 2005 by Wayne Rosing, operating 27 robotic telescopes at seven sites worldwide as a single instrument.