All articles starting with L
25,375 articles
Lebanese Civil War of 1841–45 and the Double Qaimaqamate
The Lebanese Civil War of 1841–45 (نظام القائمقاميتين) was fighting between Maronites and Druzes in Mount Lebanon, ending in the confessional Double Qaimaqamate partition of 1842–43.
Lebanese Constitution of 1926
The Lebanese Constitution of 1926 (دستور لبنان ١٩٢٦) is the basic law promulgated on 23 May 1926, which created the Lebanese Republic and remains in amended force today.
Lebanese cuisine
Lebanese cuisine, part of Levantine cooking, is defined by shared mezze (15-30 small plates), kibbeh as national dish, lemon and olive oil flavors, mouneh preservation, and 20th-century diaspora spread.
Lebanese diaspora
Lebanese diaspora (mughtarib, al-intishar): Lebanese-born migrants and their descendants abroad, estimated 885,000 first-generation (2014) and 4–13 million of descent, concentrated in Brazil, the US, the Gulf, and Australia, with waves since the 1870s.
Lebanese drama
Lebanese drama (المسرح اللبناني) is the tradition of staged theater and playwriting in Lebanon and among Lebanese emigrants, beginning with Maroun al-Naqqash's 1847 production in Beirut.
Lebanese Druze
The Lebanese Druze are an 11th-century esoteric religious community of roughly 215,000 people, about 5 percent of Lebanon, concentrated in the Chouf and Mount Lebanon, historically defined by the 1860 war with the Maronites and led politically by the Jumblatt family.
Lebanese fiction
Lebanese fiction is prose fiction by Lebanese authors in Arabic, French, and English, shaped by the Nahda, the civil war of 1975 to 1990, and emigration.
Lebanese Forces (القوات اللبنانية)
The Lebanese Forces (القوات اللبنانية, LF) is a right-wing Lebanese Christian political party formed in 1976 under Bashir Gemayel as the unified militia of the Lebanese Front; disarmed 1991, dissolved 1994, revived 2005 under Samir Geagea.
Lebanese liquidity crisis
The Lebanese liquidity crisis is the freeze of Lebanon's banking system since late 2019, when banks blocked withdrawals and the pound lost about 98 percent of its value.
Lebanese literature
Lebanese literature is the body of writing by Lebanese authors in Arabic, French, and English, rooted in the Nahda and a Beirut press dating to 1858.
Lebanese National Pact
The Lebanese National Pact (الميثاق الوطني اللبناني) was an unwritten 1943 agreement between Maronite president Bishara al-Khoury and Sunni prime minister Riad al-Solh on Lebanon's confessional system.
Lebanese people (الشعب اللبناني)
Lebanese people (الشعب اللبناني) are the people of Lebanon and its roughly 14-million-strong diaspora, divided among 18 recognized religious sects, with no census since 1932 and remittances near a third of GDP.
Lebanese pound (الليرة اللبنانية)
The Lebanese pound, also known as the Lebanese lira (الليرة اللبنانية), is Lebanon's currency, issued by Banque du Liban and pegged at 89,500 per US dollar since 2024.
Lebanese Writers' Union
The Lebanese Writers' Union (اتحاد الكتَّاب اللبنانيين) is a nonprofit cultural institution headquartered in Beirut. Founded in 1968, it unites published Lebanese writers and issues statements on public life.
Lebanese zajal
Lebanese zajal (الزجل) is a form of Lebanese folk poetry in colloquial Arabic, in which poets improvise verses in duels before an audience; UNESCO inscribed it in 2014.
Lebanon (organization)
Lebanese Olympic Committee (Comité Olympique Libanais, اللجنة الأولمبية اللبنانية), Lebanon's National Olympic Committee, founded by decree 1350 on 28 December 1946, IOC-recognized, headquartered in Baabda; sends Lebanese teams to the Olympic Games and administers national anti-doping.
Lebanon (لبنان)
Lebanon (لبنان), eastern Mediterranean republic under sectarian power-sharing among 18 recognized communities; independent from France in 1943, civil war 1975–1990, 2019 financial collapse, and 2023–24 Israel-Hezbollah war with $11 billion reconstruction needs.
Lebanon County
Lebanon County, Pennsylvania: county formed February 16, 1813 from Lancaster and Dauphin counties, county seat the City of Lebanon; 143,257 residents (2020), 361.84 square miles, agricultural south central Pennsylvania county.
Lebanon national football team (منتخب لبنان لكرة القدم)
Lebanon national football team (منتخب لبنان لكرة القدم) is the men's football team of Lebanon, competing in the AFC Asian Cup since 1934, but never qualifying for a World Cup.
Lebap
Lebap (Lebap welaýaty) is a province (velayat) of Turkmenistan on the middle Amu Darya, bordering Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. Capital Türkmenabat; 1,447,298 people (2022 census); major gas, cotton, and Silk Road heritage region.
Lebedev (lunar crater)
Lebedev is a large, lava-flooded impact crater on the far side of the Moon at the eastern edge of Mare Australe, named for Russian physicist Pyotr N. Lebedev and IAU-approved in 1970.
Lebedev Physical Institute
The Lebedev Physical Institute, also known as FIAN, is the oldest and one of the largest research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1934.
Lebedev process
The Lebedev process is a one-step industrial method for making butadiene from ethanol, developed by Russian chemist Sergey Lebedev and used for synthetic rubber from the 1930s.
Lebel Model 1886 rifle
The Lebel Model 1886 rifle, or Fusil Lebel, is the French 8 mm bolt-action rifle adopted in 1887, the first military rifle to use smokeless powder.
Lebensborn
Lebensborn, the "Fount of Life," was an SS association founded by Heinrich Himmler in 1935, running maternity homes for "Aryan" women and aiding about 7,000 births.
Lebensraum
Lebensraum ("living space"), coined by Friedrich Ratzel in 1901, was the Nazi doctrine that Germany needed eastern European territory; it underpinned the Generalplan Ost, deportation of 30-40 million people, and conquest in the East.
Leber congenital amaurosis
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA, amaurosis congenita of Leber) is a group of inherited retinal dystrophies causing severe vision loss or blindness in the first year of life, usually autosomal recessive, involving over 20 genes including CEP290, GUCY2D, CRB1, and RPE65; RPE65-related disease is treatable with Luxturna gene therapy.
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, or Leber optic atrophy, is an inherited mitochondrial disease causing sudden, painless loss of central vision, typically in young adulthood, mainly in men.
Leber plus disease
Leber plus disease, also called LHON plus disease, is a rare inherited mitochondrial disease in which Leber hereditary optic neuropathy occurs alongside neurological or systemic abnormalities.
Lebesgue integration
Lebesgue integration is a mathematical technique that partitions a function's range instead of its domain, extending integration to functions with many discontinuities and underpinning modern probability theory.