All articles starting with L
25,375 articles
L-363
L-363 (L363, CVCL_1357, DSMZ ACC 49) is a human plasma cell leukemia cell line established in 1977 from a 36-year-old woman, used as a multiple myeloma model with NRAS Q61H, PIK3CA E545K, and homozygous TP53 S261T mutations.
L-428
L-428 (L428) is a human cell line derived from Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, established in 1978 in Hanover, Germany, as the first permanently growing Hodgkin lymphoma cell line.
L-540
L-540 is a human cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma, established in 1981 by Volker Diehl at the University of Cologne and known for high CD30 expression.
L-591
L-591 (CVCL_1867, DSMZ ACC-602) is a human Hodgkin lymphoma cell line established in 1982 from a 31-year-old woman's pleural effusion; the only EBV-positive HL line, with latency 3 EBV expression and controversial HRS-cell origin.
L-amino-acid oxidase
L-amino-acid oxidase (LAAO, EC 1.4.3.2) is a FAD-dependent flavoenzyme oxidizing L-amino acids to α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide; found in snake venom, mucus, and milk, with antimicrobial and immunoregulatory roles via IL4I1.
L-arabinose isomerase
L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI, EC 5.3.1.4, araA gene) is a bacterial aldose-ketose isomerase converting L-arabinose to L-ribulose and D-galactose to D-tagatose; hexameric, metal-dependent, main biocatalyst for tagatose production.
L-arginine
L-arginine, a nitrogen-rich amino acid and nitric oxide precursor (CAS 74-79-3), supplies about 4-5 g/day from food; oral Observed Safe Level 20 g/day; FDA food additive and GRAS; weak performance evidence.
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency
AGAT deficiency (GATM, OMIM 612718), an ultrarare autosomal recessive creatine biosynthesis disorder with under 20 reported cases, causing developmental delay, intellectual disability, myopathy, low guanidinoacetate, and treatable with creatine monohydrate.
L-band EDFA
An L-band EDFA is an erbium-doped fiber amplifier operating at roughly 1565 to 1625 nm, extending WDM amplification beyond the C band using longer fiber coils.
L-carnitine L-tartrate
L-carnitine L-tartrate (LCLT), also called levocarnitine tartrate, is the tartrate salt of L-carnitine used as a dietary supplement and infant-formula ingredient; GRAS-notified (GRN 993) and bioequivalent to free L-carnitine.
L-DOPA
L-DOPA (levodopa), the dopamine precursor crossing the blood-brain barrier, is the standard Parkinson's disease drug; isolated from Vicia faba in 1910-13, clinically established by Carlsson, Hornykiewicz, and Cotzias's 1967 high-dose oral regimen.
L-ferritin deficiency
L-ferritin deficiency (ORPHA:440731, OMIM 615604) is a rare FTL-gene iron-metabolism disorder with undetectable serum L-ferritin but normal iron parameters, causing seizures, atypical restless legs, and hair loss.
L-fucose isomerase
L-fucose isomerase, also called L-fucose ketol-isomerase or D-arabinose isomerase, is a manganese-dependent bacterial enzyme that interconverts L-fucose and L-fuculose, initiating L-fucose catabolism and producing rare sugars industrially.
L-fucose-proton symporter FucP
FucP, the L-fucose/H+ symporter (L-fucose permease) of Escherichia coli, an MFS secondary transporter encoded by fucP in the fuc regulon; 438 amino acids, 12 transmembrane helices, outward-open crystal structure at 3.1 Å with essential Asp46 and Glu135.
L-infinity
L-infinity, written L^∞, is the Banach space of essentially bounded measurable functions on a measure space, normed by the essential supremum and forming the endpoint of the L^p family.
L-lactate permease
L-lactate permease (LctP, lldP), bacterial LctP family (TC 2.A.14) inner-membrane transporter catalyzing lactate:H+ uptake of L- and D-lactate and pyruvate; lctP is a Neisseria virulence gene.
L-leucine
L-leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid (C6H13NO2, CAS 61-90-5, E641), stimulates muscle protein synthesis via mTOR; GRAS notices GRN 308 and 523 cover 0.5-3 g per serving in beverages and bars.
L-lysine as an acrylamide reducer
L-lysine, used as L-lysine monohydrochloride, is an amino acid additive that inhibits acrylamide formation in fried and baked snack foods, approved for use up to 1.5% in the United States.
L-Methylfolate (calcium salt)
Calcium L-methylfolate, also called levomefolate calcium or Metafolin, is the calcium salt of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the predominant natural form of folate, used in supplements and fortified foods.
L-mode
L-mode, or low-confinement mode, is the baseline tokamak plasma regime in which turbulence-driven transport limits confinement; it was named after the 1982 discovery of the higher-confinement H-mode.
L-selectin
L-selectin (CD62L, SELL gene) is the only leukocyte-expressed selectin, a C-type lectin adhesion molecule mediating lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes and neutrophil rolling via sLe^x, PNAd, PSGL-1, and MAdCAM-1 ligands, regulated by ADAM17 shedding.
L-Shaped Palace at Gla
L-Shaped Palace at Gla (Melathron, μέλαθρον): early 13th-century BC Mycenaean administrative building on the Gla citadel, Boeotia; two identical L-plan wings, no central megaron, oversaw Kopais drainage and grain storage, destroyed by fire before 1200 BC.
L-system
An L-system, or Lindenmayer system, is a parallel string-rewriting formalism in which every symbol is rewritten at each step, introduced by Aristid Lindenmayer in 1968 to model plant development.
L-tartaric acid
L-tartaric acid (L-(+)-tartaric acid, E 334, CAS 87-69-4) is the natural dextrorotatory form of tartaric acid, extracted from wine by-products, GRAS under 21 CFR 184.1099, with a JECFA ADI of 0-30 mg/kg bw.
L-theanine
L-theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide, N-ethyl-L-glutamine) is a non-protein amino acid from tea (Camellia sinensis) giving green tea umami taste; produced by extraction, synthesis, or enzymatic transformation; GRAS in the US with a 250 mg/serving notice.
L-Thyronine
L-Thyronine (T0) is the iodine-free parent compound of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), an amino acid with two phenolic rings and the alanine side chain of L-tyrosine.
L-tryptophan decarboxylase PsiD-like
PsiD (EC 4.1.1.105), the PsiD-like L-tryptophan decarboxylase of Psilocybe mushrooms, is a PLP-independent phosphatidylserine decarboxylase-like, pyruvoyl-group enzyme that decarboxylates L-tryptophan to tryptamine, the first step of psilocybin biosynthesis.
L-type calcium channel
L-type calcium channels (Cav1.1–Cav1.4) are high-voltage-activated, dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-gated calcium channels in muscle, heart, and neurons; Cav1.2 drives cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, and their blockers treat hypertension and angina.
L: Change the World (L change the World)
L: Change the World (L change the WorLd) is a 2008 Japanese Death Note spin-off film directed by Hideo Nakata, starring Kenichi Matsuyama as detective L in his final 23 days stopping a lethal virus plot.
L. a. m. a.
L. a. m. a. (L.L.A.M.A.), from German "Lege alle Minuspunkte ab", is Reiner Knizia's 2019 AMIGO card-shedding game for 2-6 players: 56 cards, llama cards bridging 6 and 1, penalty chips, game ends at 40 points, Spiel des Jahres 2019 nominee.