All articles starting with L
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Lidice
Lidice, a Czech village 20 km west of Prague, was destroyed by Nazi forces on 10 June 1942 in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination; 173 men were shot, women deported, children mostly gassed, and a new Lidice and memorial later built.
Lidice massacre
Lidice massacre: Nazi destruction of the Czech village of Lidice on June 10, 1942, reprisal for Heydrich's assassination; 173 men shot, women deported to Ravensbrück, most children gassed at Chełmno, village razed.
Lidija Doroņina-Lasmane
Lidija Doroņina-Lasmane (born 1925) is a Latvian dissident convicted three times for anti-Soviet activities, in 1947, 1970, and 1983, spending about fourteen years in Soviet prisons, camps, and exile.
Lidiya Kalinina Ivanova
Lidiya Kalinina-Ivanova (Лидия Калинина-Иванова), born 1937, Soviet artistic gymnast; two Olympic team golds (Melbourne 1956, Rome 1960) and one bronze; later a coach and judge at six Olympics.
Lidiya Pereprygina (Лидия Платоновна Перепрыгина)
Lidiya Platonovna Pereprygina (Лидия Платоновна Перепрыгина), born 1900, Siberian peasant linked to Joseph Stalin during his 1914–1916 Kureika exile; mother by him, per 1956 KGB and party documents, of Alexander Davydov; details disputed.
Lidiya Sichenikova
Lidiya Sichenikova (Лідія Січенікова), Ukrainian recurve archer born 1993 in Chernivtsi; three Olympics (2012, 2016, 2020), 2010 Youth Olympics, 2016 European team champion, 2014 World Indoor team gold.
Lidiya Skoblikova
Lidiya Skoblikova (Лидия Павловна Скобликова), Soviet speed skater born 1939 in Zlatoust; six Olympic golds (1960, 1964), first woman to sweep all four events at one Games, nicknamed Ural Lightning.
Lidl
Lidl is a German limited-assortment discount supermarket chain of the Schwarz Group, headquartered in Neckarsulm, with about 12,900 stores in 32 countries. First store 1973 in Ludwigshafen; major private-label, low-price grocer in the UK, Spain, and US.
Lido (musician)
Lido (musician) is Norwegian producer, singer, and songwriter Peder Losnegård (earlier LidoLido), born 1992 in Tysvær. Known for executive producing Halsey's Badlands, producing Chance the Rapper's Coloring Book tracks, and solo albums Everything, Peder, and Ultraviolet, distinct from Lido DAO or Lido software.
Lidocaine
Lidocaine (lignocaine, Xylocaine), an amide local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic synthesized by Löfgren and Lundqvist in 1943 and marketed 1948; the most used dental local anesthetic, acting by blocking neuronal ionic fluxes.
Lie
A lie is a statement a speaker makes believing it false, typically intending the addressee to believe it true. Philosophical definition (L1), bald-faced lies, the lying/misleading distinction, and moral absolutism from Augustine, Aquinas, and Kant distinguish lying from related concepts.
Lie (film)
LIE (Love Intelligence Enmity, లై) is a 2017 Telugu action thriller directed by Hanu Raghavapudi, starring Nithiin, Megha Akash, and Arjun Sarja; released 11 August 2017, it earned mixed reviews and failed commercially.
Lie algebra
A Lie algebra is a vector space with a bilinear, antisymmetric Lie bracket satisfying the Jacobi identity, recording the infinitesimal behavior of continuous symmetry groups, named after Sophus Lie.
Lie algebra cohomology
Lie algebra cohomology, also called cohomology of Lie algebras, is a cohomology theory for Lie algebras introduced by Élie Cartan in 1929, computed via the Chevalley–Eilenberg complex.
Lie algebra extension
A Lie algebra extension is a Lie algebra fitting a short exact sequence, with splitting, central extensions, and classification by Lie algebra cohomology, founded by Chevalley and Eilenberg in 1948.
Lie algebra representation
A Lie algebra representation is a way of realizing a Lie algebra as linear operators on a vector space, via a bracket-preserving homomorphism into endomorphisms.
Lie bialgebra
A Lie bialgebra, or Poisson-Hopf algebra, is a Lie algebra with a compatible cobracket, introduced by Vladimir Drinfeld in 1983 as the structure underlying Poisson-Lie groups.
Lie derivative
The Lie derivative is an operator on a differentiable manifold that measures the rate of change of a tensor field along the flow of a vector field.
Lie detection
Lie detection, best known through the polygraph or lie detector, infers deception from physiological responses. Invented by Marston, Larson, and Keeler in the 1910s-1920s, it is above chance but scientifically weak, excluded from most courts, and used mainly for security screening.
Lie group
A Lie group is a set carrying compatible structures of a group and a smooth manifold, named for Sophus Lie and central to continuous symmetry in mathematics and physics.
Lie group analysis
Lie group analysis is a mathematical method that finds and exploits continuous symmetry groups of differential equations to produce similarity solutions, reduce order or variables, and derive conservation laws.
Lie group methods for robot dynamics
Lie group methods for robot dynamics treat a robot's configuration as an element of a Lie group, such as SO(3) or SE(3), avoiding Euler-angle singularities.
Lie superalgebra
A Lie superalgebra is a ℤ₂-graded algebra with even and odd parts whose bracket obeys graded symmetry and Jacobi identities, generalizing a Lie algebra and underlying supersymmetry in physics.
Lie symmetry analysis
Lie symmetry analysis is a mathematical method that finds continuous transformation groups leaving a differential equation invariant, then uses those symmetries to construct exact solutions and reduce the order of equations.
Lie to Me
Lie to Me is a Fox crime drama (2009-2011, 48 episodes, 3 seasons) starring Tim Roth as deception expert Cal Lightman, loosely based on psychologist Paul Ekman, who served as scientific advisor; its microexpression-based lie-detection premise drew later empirical criticism.
Lie to Me (내게 거짓말을 해봐) (2011 TV series)
Lie to Me (내게 거짓말을 해봐) is a 2011 SBS Korean romantic comedy drama, 16 episodes, starring Yoon Eun-hye and Kang Ji-hwan in a false-marriage scandal plot; it exported to eight countries and aired on Japan's TBS.
Liebe ist für alle da
Liebe ist für alle da is Rammstein's sixth studio album, released 16 October 2009 on Universal. Recorded in California with Jacob Hellner, it hit number 1 in eight countries, went platinum in a week, and was indexed by Germany's BPjM before courts reversed the ban in 2010.
Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants (1994), the "hot coffee case": Stella Liebeck, 79, won a product liability verdict after third-degree burns from 180-190°F coffee; $160,000 compensatory plus $2.7 million punitive, cut to $480,000, settled confidentially.
Liebenau
Liebenau (Kr. Nienburg/Weser, Lower Saxony) is a middle-Weser town famed for the early Saxon cemetery Liebenau/Steyerberg (4th-9th c.) and an excavated 8th-9th century settlement; distinct from Liebenau in Hesse and Graz-Liebenau.
Lieber Code
The Lieber Code, General Orders No. 100 (April 24, 1863), is the Union Army's Civil War field instructions drafted by Francis Lieber: 157 provisions codifying military necessity, POW status, and slavery rules, foundational to the Hague and Geneva law of war.