All articles starting with L
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Ligament
Ligament: fibrous connective tissue joining bone to bone, over 900 in the body, mostly type I collagen and elastin; stabilizes joints, heals as inferior scar tissue, often reconstructed by graft (ACL, Tommy John surgery).
Ligament (bivalve)
Bivalve ligament: elastic aragonite-protein hinge tissue joining the two valves, opening the shell when adductors relax; classified as amphidetic, opisthodetic, or prosodetic, with types such as alivincular and duplivincular.
Ligament cell
Ligament cell (ligamentocyte, ligament fibroblast): the principal fibroblast-like cell of ligaments, located between collagen fibrils, quiescent, synthesizing type I/III collagen ECM, communicating via connexin 32/43 gap junction processes.
Ligament reconstruction
Ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure that replaces a torn ligament, such as the knee's ACL, with a tendon graft passed through bone tunnels to restore stability.
Ligamentous laxity
Ligamentous laxity, or joint hypermobility, is looseness of ligaments allowing joints to move beyond normal range; assessed by the Beighton score, linked to collagen genes, EDS, ACL injury, and disc herniation.
Ligamentum arteriosum
The ligamentum arteriosum, also called the Ligament of Botallo, is the fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus, running from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch.
Ligand
A ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule that binds to a central atom or molecule, such as a metal in a coordination compound or a receptor.
Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, a ligand, or biological ligand, is a molecule, ion, or group that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a protein or nucleic acid, including hormones, drugs, and inhibitors.
Ligand binding assay
A ligand binding assay is a laboratory method that measures the binding of a ligand, such as a drug or hormone, to its target receptor or protein.
Ligand effect
The ligand effect is the modification of a catalyst's surface electronic structure by dissimilar neighboring atoms, typically subsurface alloying atoms in bimetallic nanoparticles, changing adsorbate binding and catalytic activity.
Ligand field theory
Ligand field theory (LFT) is a bonding model for transition-metal complexes that describes metal–ligand bonds with molecular orbitals, explaining the colors, magnetism, spectra, and structures of coordination compounds.
Ligand-enabled C–H activation
Ligand-enabled C–H activation is a strategy in transition-metal catalysis where chosen ligands direct or accelerate selective carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage, pioneered by Murai's 1993 ruthenium-catalyzed reaction.
Ligand-enabled Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)–H activation
Ligand-enabled Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)–H activation is a family of palladium-catalyzed reactions in which bifunctional ligands, chiefly MPAAs, allow Pd(II) to functionalize unactivated methyl and methylene C–H bonds.
Ligand-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs, ionotropic receptors): membrane proteins combining a neurotransmitter binding site and an ion pore, mediating millisecond fast synaptic transmission. Families include pentameric Cys-loop (nicotinic ACh, GABAA, glycine, 5-HT3), ionotropic glutamate, and P2X receptors; the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, isolated in 1970, was the first identified.
Ligand-receptor interactions
Ligand-receptor interactions: specific high-affinity binding of ligands (hormones, drugs, antigens) to receptors (GPCRs, ion channels, kinases, nuclear receptors), the basis of cell signaling, pharmacology, biosensors, and disease mechanisms.
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) is a photochemical excitation that moves an electron from a coordinated ligand to a metal center, generating ligand-centered radicals used in C–H functionalization catalysis.
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer catalysis
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis is a photochemical method that uses light on earth-abundant metals like cerium and iron to generate radicals for C–H activation.
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer photocatalysis
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) photocatalysis is a photochemical strategy in which a substrate coordinates to a metal center and light-induced homolysis generates radicals, notably alkoxy radicals from alcohols.
Ligang power station
Ligang power station is a coal-fired power station in Ligang, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China, operated by Jiangsu Ligang Electric Power and the largest thermal plant in Jiangsu Province after 2026.
Ligao Foods
Ligao Foods Co. (立高食品) is a Chinese maker of frozen baked goods and bakery ingredients, headquartered in Guangzhou, founded in 2000 and listed on the Shenzhen ChiNext board in 2021.
Ligase detection reaction
The ligase detection reaction (LDR) is a ligation-based genotyping assay in which DNA ligase joins two adjacent probes only when the junction is perfectly base-paired.
Ligation
Ligation is a surgical technique in which a suture, thread, or band is tied around a blood vessel or duct to stop bleeding or close the structure off.
Ligdan Khan
Ligdan Khan (林丹汗) was khan of the Chahar Mongols and the last great khan of the Golden Family, dying of smallpox in Gansu in 1634.
Ligelizumab
Ligelizumab (QGE031), Novartis' humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody successor to omalizumab, binds IgE about 88-fold more tightly, beat placebo but not omalizumab in phase 3 CSU trials, and was discontinued in 2023-2024.
Liger
A liger (Panthera tigris x panthera leo) is the hybrid offspring of a male lion and a female tiger, produced only in captivity and known as the largest living cat.
Liger (film)
Liger is a 2022 Hindi-Telugu bilingual sports action film directed by Puri Jagannadh, starring Vijay Deverakonda as a stuttering MMA fighter, with Ananya Panday and a Mike Tyson cameo; a heavily promoted pan-India release that flopped.
Liggett Group
Liggett Group is an American cigarette manufacturer headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, the successor to Liggett & Myers, selling discount brands like Eagle 20's and Pyramid.
Light
Light, also called visible light, is electromagnetic radiation the human eye can sense; it travels at 299,792,458 m/s and behaves as both wave and photon.
Light & Magic
Light & Magic is a Disney+ documentary series, directed by Lawrence Kasdan (season 1, 2022) and Joe Johnston (season 2, 2025), chronicling the history of Industrial Light & Magic, the visual effects company George Lucas founded in 1975 for Star Wars.
Light aircraft
A light aircraft is a small fixed-wing airplane used for general aviation, flying other than scheduled commercial transport. The Piper J-3 Cub, first built in 1937, became its archetype.