All articles starting with L

Lightweight aggregate concrete

Lightweight aggregate concrete is concrete made with porous, low-density aggregate, giving a density of roughly 70 to 120 lb/ft³ versus about 145 for normal concrete.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an application protocol for querying and modifying directory services over TCP, defined in 1993 and used to authenticate users.

Lightweight markup language

A lightweight markup language, also called a humane markup language, is a plain-text formatting syntax with simple punctuation-based constructs, exemplified by Markdown, AsciiDoc, reStructuredText, and Emacs Org-mode.

Lightyear (film)

Lightyear (2022) is a Pixar/Disney animated sci-fi film, the origin story of the Buzz Lightyear character who inspired the Toy Story toy, directed by Angus MacLane, voiced by Chris Evans, released June 17, 2022.

Ligier

Ligier is a French racing car manufacturer founded in 1969 by former driver Guy Ligier. Its Formula One team competed from 1976 to 1996, winning nine Grands Prix.

Ligier Richier

Ligier Richier was a French sculptor of the Lorraine Renaissance, born at Saint-Mihiel around 1500 and known for the standing Transi of René de Chalon and the Entombment of Saint-Mihiel.

Ligilactobacillus salivarius

Ligilactobacillus salivarius (formerly Lactobacillus salivarius) is a Gram-positive, homofermentative lactic acid bacterium of the human oral and gut microbiota that produces bacteriocins such as Abp118 and is used as a probiotic in animal and human health.

Lignan

A lignan is a dimeric plant metabolite formed by linking two phenylpropanoid (C6–C3) units, common in seeds and vegetables and converted by gut bacteria into active enterolignans.

Lignin

Lignin is the aromatic plant cell wall polymer built from monolignols (coniferyl, sinapyl, p-coumaryl alcohol) as G, S, and H units; it strengthens wood, resists degradation, and is a pulp and biofuel feedstock.

Lignin depolymerization

Lignin depolymerization is the chemical or biological breakdown of lignin, the abundant aromatic polymer in plant cell walls, into phenolic monomers and oligomers for use as chemicals and biofuels.

Lignin valorization

Lignin valorization is the conversion of lignin, the most abundant renewable aromatic polymer in plant cell walls, into fuels, aromatic chemicals, and materials rather than burning it as low-value fuel.

Lignin-based hard carbon anode

A lignin-based hard carbon anode is a sodium-ion battery anode made by carbonizing lignin, an abundant papermaking byproduct, into hard carbon; Stora Enso's Lignode is the leading commercial example.

Lignin-first biomass fractionation

Lignin-first biomass fractionation is a biorefining method that removes and stabilizes lignin from whole biomass, preventing condensation so both lignin and carbohydrate fractions yield valuable products.

Lignite

Lignite, often called brown coal, is the soft, lowest-rank coal with 25%–35% carbon, high moisture, and the lowest energy content, mined near the surface and burned mainly to generate electricity.

Lignocellulose fractionation

Lignocellulose fractionation is the separation of lignocellulosic biomass, chiefly wood and agricultural residues, into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for independent processing into pulp, sugars, chemicals, or fuels.

Lignoceric acid

Lignoceric acid, also called tetracosanoic acid, is the saturated 24-carbon fatty acid found in brain cerebrosides, plant waxes, and wood tars, and elevated in peroxisomal disorders.

Lignum vitae

Lignum vitae, the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale and G. sanctum, is an extremely hard, dense, self-lubricating tropical wood historically used for ship stern-tube bearings; both species are CITES Appendix II listed.

LIGO

LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is a pair of 4 km laser interferometers in Washington and Louisiana that made the first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015.

LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA

LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA (LVK) is the international network of gravitational-wave detectors LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA, which jointly detect and localize signals from merging black holes and neutron stars.

LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA O4

LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA O4 was the fourth joint observing run of the international gravitational-wave detector network, from May 2023 to November 2025, the longest run yet, raising confident detections to 390.

Ligoupup (crater on Rhea)

Ligoupup is a 78.80-km-wide IAU-approved impact crater on Rhea, Saturn's second largest moon, centered at 14.5°S, 46.2°W. Named in 2010 after a Micronesian (Truk/Chuuk) earth goddess, consort of the god Anulap.

Ligue 1

Ligue 1 (Ligue 1 McDonald's) is France's top professional football division, run by the LFP since its 1932 founding; 18 clubs, 34 rounds, PSG the dominant champion, with TV-rights losses marking it among Europe's Big Five.

Ligue 1 (Ivory Coast)

Ligue 1 is the top football league of Ivory Coast, where clubs play 30 matches per season; the 2024–25 title race ended with Stade d'Abidjan and ASEC Mimosas tied on 59 points.

Ligue 2

Ligue 2 (Ligue 2 BKT) is France's second-division men's football league, run by the LFP below Ligue 1; top two promoted, playoffs and barrages with Ligue 1 and National, DNCG administrative relegation possible.

Ligufalimab

Ligufalimab (莱法利, AK117) is Akeso's humanized IgG4 anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody that blocks CD47–SIRPα "don't eat me" signaling; its lateral binding orientation avoids RBC hemagglutination, removing the need for a priming dose, with phase 1b AML/MDS and phase III solid tumor studies.