All articles starting with L
25,375 articles
Linear scale (glass scale encoder)
A glass scale linear encoder is an optical position sensor that reads a graduated glass strip, giving micron-level feedback on CNC machines and measuring equipment.
Linear search
Linear search is an algorithm that finds a target value in a list by checking each element in order until it finds a match or reaches the end.
Linear solvation energy relationship
A linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) is an equation applying solvent parameters in linear regression to express solvent effects on reaction rates or equilibrium constants.
Linear span
The linear span, also called the linear hull, of a set of vectors is the set of all their finite linear combinations, and it forms the smallest subspace containing them.
Linear stability analysis
Linear stability analysis determines whether small disturbances to an equilibrium of a dynamical system grow or decay, by linearizing the equations and examining eigenvalues; it gives only a local verdict.
Linear subspace
A linear subspace, also called a vector subspace, is a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the same addition and scalar multiplication; examples include lines and planes through the origin.
Linear synchronous motor
A linear synchronous motor (LSM) is an electric machine producing straight-line motion by locking the mover to a traveling magnetic field, used in maglev trains and factory automation.
Linear system
A linear system is a mathematical model of a dynamic process whose output obeys superposition, forming the basis of automatic control, signal processing, circuit analysis, and structural mechanics.
Linear system of divisors
A linear system of divisors, also called a linear series, is a family of linearly equivalent effective divisors on an algebraic variety, parametrized by projective space.
Linear Tape-Open
Linear Tape-Open, known as LTO or LTO Ultrium, is an open-format magnetic tape storage standard developed by HPE, IBM, and Quantum for enterprise backup and archiving, now in its 10th generation.
Linear Technology
Linear Technology Corporation was an American semiconductor company founded in 1981 by Robert Swanson and Robert Dobkin, headquartered in Milpitas, California, and acquired by Analog Devices in 2017.
Linear temporal logic
Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic over infinite sequences of states, proposed by Amir Pnueli in 1977 and now the most widely used temporal logic in computer science.
Linear temporal logic planning
Linear temporal logic planning is a method of robot control in which a task written as a linear temporal logic formula is synthesized into a plan guaranteed to satisfy it.
Linear type
A linear type is a type whose values must be used exactly once, derived from Girard's 1987 linear logic and used to track resources like file handles.
Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex
LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex) is the only known E3 ligase complex forming Met1-linked linear ubiquitin chains. Its subunits HOIP, HOIL-1L, and SHARPIN drive NF-kB immune signaling; mutations cause autoinflammation and immunodeficiency.
Linear variable differential transformer
A linear variable differential transformer, or LVDT, is an inductive transducer that measures linear displacement, popularized by Herman Schaevitz in 1946 and widely used in aerospace and industry.
Linear-chain cluster state in carbon-12
The linear-chain cluster state in carbon-12 is a hypothesized excited configuration with its three alpha particles aligned end to end, proposed by Morinaga in the 1950s.
Linear-feedback shift register
A linear-feedback shift register is a digital circuit whose XOR feedback generates long repeating bit sequences that look random, used in stream ciphers and hardware testing.
Linear-quadratic model
The linear-quadratic model is a radiation biology model relating cell survival to linear and dose-squared terms; it underlies the biologically effective dose used to compare radiotherapy fractionation schedules.
Linear-sweep voltammetry
Linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV) is an electroanalytical technique in which the electrode potential is swept linearly with time while the current is measured, used to characterize redox reactions and quantify electroactive species.
Linear–quadratic regulator
The linear–quadratic regulator (LQR) is an optimal feedback controller for linear systems, computing a state-feedback law that drives the state toward zero while penalizing control effort.
Linearis
Linearis, Latin for "linear", is a specific epithet used for many unrelated species, including the isopod Idotea linearis (Linnaeus, 1766), the snail Cyrillia linearis, the fern Dicranopteris linearis, and the trace fossil Skolithos linearis.
Linearity
Linearity is the property of a function or system satisfying additivity and homogeneity, meaning T(u+v) = T(u)+T(v) and T(av) = aT(v); it enables superposition, unlike nonlinear problems.
Linearizability
Linearizability is a correctness condition for concurrent objects under which each operation appears to take effect exactly once between its invocation and response, defined by Maurice Herlihy and Jeannette Wing in 1990.
Linearization
Linearization is the replacement of a nonlinear system by a linear one approximating it near a chosen point, typically an equilibrium, with eigenvalues of the Jacobian determining local stability.
Linearized gravity
Linearized gravity, also called the linearized theory of gravitational waves, is the weak-field approximation to general relativity, keeping the Einstein field equations only to first order.
Linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer
The linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer, also called Capon's method, is an adaptive spatial filter for sensor arrays used in radar, sonar, and medical imaging.
Linearly constrained minimum variance beamforming
Linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamforming is an adaptive sensor array technique, introduced by O. L. Frost III in 1972, that minimizes output noise and interference while preserving unity gain toward a desired direction.
Lineation
Lineation is any repeated, penetrative alignment of linear elements in a rock, the linear counterpart of foliation in structural geology; stretching lineations track maximum elongation and help predict ore shoot geometry.
Linebacker
Linebacker (LB), American football defensive position behind the line of scrimmage; roles Mike, Sam, Will in 4-3 and inside/outside in 3-4; defined by Bill George in 1954, transformed by Lawrence Taylor; now split into edge rushers and off-ball linebackers in the nickel era.