All articles starting with L
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List of computing and IT abbreviations
A reference list pairing computing and IT abbreviations, such as IT, API, and RAM, with the full terms they stand for, helping readers decode technical shorthand.
List of con artists
List of con artists: documented confidence tricksters from William Thompson (origin of "confidence man," 1849) through Ponzi, Lustig, Parker, Sorokin, and recent UK and US fraud prosecutions, with schemes and outcomes.
List of concentration and internment camps
The list of concentration and internment camps covers facilities confining political prisoners and persecuted minorities without trial, including over 44,000 Nazi camps and American wartime internment sites.
List of concept albums
List of concept albums: notable albums unified by a single idea, theme, or story, from Dust Bowl Ballads (1940) and Sgt. Pepper through prog, soul, hip-hop, and streaming-era works, with disputed boundary cases like rock operas.
List of Concorde aircraft
The list of Concorde aircraft covers all twenty Concorde supersonic airliners built between 1966 and 1979, including two prototypes and fourteen aircraft flown by British Airways and Air France.
List of condiments
List of condiments: a condiment is a spice, sauce, or relish added by the diner after cooking to enhance flavor. Covers salt, sweeteners, pickles, hot condiments, and compound sauces such as ketchup, soy sauce, and mayonnaise.
List of confectionery brands
List of confectionery brands: catalog of named chocolate, sugar candy, gum and mint brands (M&M'S, KitKat, Haribo, Cadbury) and their owners, mapping Mars, Ferrero, Mondelēz, Hershey and Nestlé portfolios, brand-versus-company distinctions, and documented ownership changes.
List of conflicts by duration
List of conflicts by duration: rankings of armed conflicts by elapsed time or active episode years, built on UCDP/PRIO conflict-episode definitions (25 battle deaths per year), episode-based duration coding, and Correlates of War alternatives.
List of conflicts in Africa
Conflicts in Africa, catalogued by UCDP and ACLED under a 25-battle-death threshold; major recent cases include the Sudan war (since April 2023), Sahel jihadist insurgencies, and renewed Tigray fighting in Ethiopia.
List of conflicts in Europe
Conflicts in Europe: chronological survey from the Greco-Persian Wars and Hun invasions through the Thirty Years' War, World Wars, Cold War, and the Russia-Ukraine war and hybrid attacks since 2022.
List of conflicts related to the Cold War
List of conflicts related to the Cold War: armed conflicts from 1946 to the early 1990s shaped by US-Soviet rivalry, also called Cold War proxy wars. Includes Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Cuba, Congo, Nicaragua, Angola, Greek Civil War, and Malayan Emergency, with roughly 20 million cumulative deaths.
List of conglomerates
The list of conglomerates assembles the major diversified corporations by country, including Samsung, Berkshire Hathaway, and Reliance Industries, with working definitions, market-cap figures, and recent breakups such as General Electric's 2024 split.
List of Conservative Party defections to Reform UK
List of Conservative Party defections to Reform UK: about 21 current or former Tory MPs, from Lee Anderson (March 2024) to Suella Braverman (January 2026), joined Nigel Farage's Reform UK, giving it eight Commons seats.
List of conspiracy theories
List of conspiracy theories: catalogs of claims attributing events to secret small-group plots, covering Keeley's definition, QAnon, 5G COVID-19, anti-vaccine, election, and Illuminati entries, verdict systems, and motive meta-analysis findings.
List of conspiracy-thriller films and television series
Conspiracy-thriller films and TV series: a genre list from Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse (1922) and Hitchcock's The 39 Steps through the 1970s Watergate cycle (The Parallax View, The Conversation), JFK, The X-Files, and modern streaming thrillers.
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha: India's 543 single-member parliamentary constituencies, delimited by the Delimitation Commission under DPACO 2008 (412 general, 84 SC, 47 ST seats), with state-wise allocations from Uttar Pradesh's 80 to single-seat territories, frozen until the first census after 2026.
List of constructed languages
List of constructed languages (conlangs): purposefully created languages including Esperanto, Volapük, Klingon, Na'vi, Tolkien's Elvish, Loglan, Ithkuil, Láadan, and Toki Pona, organized as auxiliary, artistic, and engineered languages.
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Africa
Contemporary ethnic groups of Africa: continent-wide communities defined by language, ancestry, or culture. Major groups include Oromo (40–50 million), Hausa, Igbo, Akan, Fulani, Shona, and Zulu; about 40 percent of the average country's population belongs to groups partitioned by colonial borders.
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia
Contemporary ethnic groups of Asia: Han Chinese (world's largest group), Malay, Dravidian, Persian, Turkic, and Siberian peoples; classified differently by census, with no international definition of ethnicity.
List of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe
The list of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe catalogs more than 100 European ethnic and national groups, from majorities like Germans and French to minorities like the Basques and Roma.
List of contemporary ethnic groups of North America
Contemporary ethnic groups of North America: Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Métis, Inuit, American Indian), European-descended, African-descended, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, MENA, and Pacific populations, as defined and counted by US and Canadian censuses.
List of continents and continental subregions by population
Population of the continents and UN subregions: Asia 4.84 billion (58.74%), Africa 1.55 billion, Europe 744 million, North America 617 million, South America 438 million, Oceania 47 million, per UN World Population Prospects 2024.
List of continents by GDP
Ranking of continents by total GDP, nominal and PPP, based on IMF World Economic Outlook data with UN Statistics Division groupings. Asia leads with about $44.9 trillion nominal (35.6% of world GDP) and nearly half of PPP GDP; North America is second nominal, Europe second PPP.
List of contract bridge magazines
The list of contract bridge magazines covers periodicals devoted to the card game contract bridge, from federation organs to commercial titles such as Britain's Bridge Magazine, founded in 1926.
List of contributors to Project 2025
Contributors to Project 2025, also called Mandate for Leadership 2025: about 35 primary authors and editors of the Heritage Foundation's 920-page handbook, including Vought, Carr, Homan, Ratcliffe, Navarro, and at least 140 former Trump administration officials.
List of controversial album art
Controversial album art: covers banned, censored, or repackaged, from the Beatles' butcher cover and Blind Faith to Virgin Killer, Appetite for Destruction, and The Coup's Party Music, plus the Parental Advisory system and retailer gatekeeping.
List of Conus species
List of Conus species: the cone snail genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758, also called Conidae cone shells, with about 850 accepted extant species, 4,667 WoRMS name records, four genera and 71 subgenera in the modern molecular classification.
List of convenience stores
List of convenience stores: notable chains including 7-Eleven (over 86,000 stores, 19 countries), Alimentation Couche-Tard/Circle K (~17,000), FamilyMart, Wawa, QuikTrip, Buc-ee's, and Murphy USA, with origins, store counts, and satisfaction rankings.
List of converts to Islam
The list of converts to Islam, also known as the list of notable converts to Islam, covers people who entered Islam from another religion or none, typically by reciting the shahada.
List of converts to Islam from Christianity
A list of documented converts to Islam from Christianity, covering their motives, their role in Islamic scholarship and polemic, and survey data on conversion rates.