All articles starting with L
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Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy
Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) is a minimally invasive alternative to the open Whipple operation for pancreatic and periampullary tumors, first reported in 1994, with comparable oncological outcomes.
Laparoscopic pyeloplasty
Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is a minimally invasive operation that repairs ureteropelvic junction obstruction by excising the blocked segment and rejoining pelvis to ureter, first reported in 1993 with success rates of 85 to 100%.
Laparoscopic resection
Laparoscopic resection is a minimally invasive operation removing diseased tissue or an organ through small abdominal incisions, offering faster bowel recovery and shorter hospital stays than open surgery.
Laparoscopic splenectomy
Laparoscopic splenectomy is a minimally invasive operation that removes the spleen through small abdominal incisions, first reported in 1992, used for hematologic diseases and splenic cysts but not trauma.
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery): minimally invasive abdominal or pelvic surgery through small incisions using a camera-equipped laparoscope and CO2 insufflation. Faster recovery than open surgery; used for diagnosis, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, hernia repair, and cancer surgery.
Laparotomy
Laparotomy, also called celiotomy, is open abdominal surgery through an incision into the peritoneal cavity, performed electively or as an emergency for bleeding, perforation, obstruction, or infection; UK NELA audit data show 30-day mortality fell from 11.8% to 8.1%.
Lapatinib
Lapatinib, sold as Tykerb and Tyverb, is an oral drug for HER2-positive breast cancer that blocks the HER2 and EGFR kinases. It was approved in the US in 2007.
LAPC-4
LAPC-4 (Los Angeles Prostate Cancer-4, CVCL_4744) is a human prostate cancer cell line from a lymph node metastasis, AR/PSA positive with wild-type androgen receptor, TP53 R175H, wild-type PTEN, androgen dependent, used as the wild-type-AR counterpart to LNCaP.
LAPCAT
LAPCAT (Long-Term Advanced Propulsion Concepts and Technologies) was a European research project, running 2005 to 2008, that studied propulsion for hypersonic civil flight at Mach 4 to 8.
LAPD Metropolitan Division
LAPD Metropolitan Division (Metro), created 1933, is the LAPD's citywide specialized division housing SWAT (D Platoon), K9, Mounted, and dignitary protection platoons; distinct from the LA Metro transit agency and from Washington DC's Metropolitan Police Department.
Lapethos/Lepethis Phoinikon
Lapethos/Lepethis Phoinikon (Λάπηθος, Lambousa) was an ancient Greek-Phoenician city and city-kingdom on Cyprus's north coast, 10 km west of Keryneia; founded per tradition by Praxandros of Laconia, attested by late 6th-century BC coinage, rich Bronze Age tombs, and Phoenician inscriptions.
Lapford
Lapford is a village and civil parish in Mid Devon, England, on the River Yeo, recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book and home to the scheduled Roman fort and camp at Bury Barton, listed as Nemetostatio in the Ravenna Cosmography.
Laphonza Butler
Laphonza Butler, American labor leader and EMILY's List president, served as Democratic U.S. Senator from California (2023-2024), appointed by Gavin Newsom to fill Dianne Feinstein's seat; third Black woman senator, did not seek full term.
Laphroaig distillery
Laphroaig distillery is a single malt Scotch whisky distillery on the south coast of the Isle of Islay, Scotland, founded in 1815 by the brothers Donald and Alexander Johnston.
Lapidary
Lapidary: the craft of cutting, shaping, polishing, and engraving gemstones, and the person practicing it (lapidarist). Covers tumbling, cabochon cutting, faceting, and carving; from Latin lapis, stone.
Lapilli
Lapilli, meaning "little stones" in Italian, are fragments of lava or rock between 2 and 64 mm across blasted into the air by volcanic explosions, a middle size class of tephra.
Lapins cherry
Lapins cherry, a self-fertile sweet cherry cultivar (Van x Stella) bred by Karlis Lapins at Summerland, BC, released 1984; large dark red firm fruit ripening 10-14 days after Bing, crack-resistant but pitting- and heat-susceptible.
Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock composed mainly of lazurite, calcite, and pyrite, prized as a gem and as the source of ultramarine pigment.
Lapis Niger
Lapis Niger is a black marble pavement in the Roman Forum's Comitium, covering an archaic sanctuary and one of the earliest Latin inscriptions, from the sixth century BC.
Lapita culture
Lapita culture: a Southwest Pacific archaeological complex defined by dentate-stamped pottery, spreading from the Bismarck Archipelago to Samoa about 3,000 years ago; ancestors of Polynesians.
Laplace approximation (Bayesian inference)
The Laplace approximation, also called the posterior normal approximation, approximates a Bayesian posterior or intractable integral like the marginal likelihood with a Gaussian fitted at the mode.
Laplace distribution
The Laplace distribution, also called the double exponential distribution, is a continuous probability distribution with a sharp peak and exponential tails, introduced by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1774.
Laplace operator
The Laplace operator, or Laplacian, is a differential operator summing a function's second partial derivatives, central to physics equations like Laplace's, the wave, and the Schrödinger equation.
Laplace plane
The Laplace plane is the reference plane about which a satellite's orbit precesses on average, an idea Pierre-Simon Laplace recognized in 1805 in his study of Jupiter's satellites.
Laplace resonance
The Laplace resonance is a three-body orbital resonance in which Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede orbit in a 1:2:4 period ratio, driving tidal heating.
Laplace transform
The Laplace transform, also called the Laplace transformation, is an integral transform that converts a function of time into a function of a complex variable.
Laplace–Beltrami operator
The Laplace–Beltrami operator, introduced by Eugenio Beltrami in the 1860s, generalizes the Laplace operator to Riemannian manifolds as the divergence of the gradient, depending only on the metric.
Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
The Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, also called the LRL or Runge–Lenz vector, is a conserved quantity of the Kepler problem whose conservation forces bound orbits to be closed, non-precessing ellipses.
Laplace–Stieltjes transform
The Laplace–Stieltjes transform of a nonnegative random variable X is E(e^{-sX}), defined for s ≥ 0 as the Stieltjes integral of e^{-sx} against the distribution function, applying to distributions with atoms or densities alike.
Laplace's demon
Laplace's demon, also called the Laplacian demon, is a hypothetical intelligence imagined by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1814 that could predict the entire future from knowing the universe's complete present state.