All articles starting with M
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Market failure
Market failure is a situation in which a free market cannot achieve an efficient allocation of resources, through externalities, public goods, market power, or imperfect information.
Market Financial Solutions
Market Financial Solutions (MFS) was a London specialist lender founded by Paresh Raja in 2006, providing bridging loans and buy-to-let mortgages before entering administration in 2026.
Market fundamentalism
Market fundamentalism is a critical label for exaggerated belief in markets' ability to solve economic and social problems, popularized by George Soros in the 1990s.
Market Hall
Market Hall, Chipping Campden: a 1627 Grade I listed Cotswold market hall built by Sir Baptist Hicks for dairy produce and poultry, now owned by the National Trust.
Market liquidity
Market liquidity is the ability to trade an asset at short notice, at low cost, and with little price impact; it can suddenly dry up during a crisis.
Market maker
A market maker, also called a liquidity provider, is a trading firm that continuously quotes bid and ask prices for securities, earning the bid–ask spread.
Market manipulation
Market manipulation: deliberate trading or disclosure conduct creating false appearances of activity or price in financial markets. Includes wash trading, spoofing, pump-and-dump; prohibited under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, UK MAR, and similar laws.
Market microstructure
Market microstructure is the branch of finance that studies how investors' trading demands become prices and volumes, covering price formation, transaction costs, liquidity, and market design.
Market Observation Post System
The Market Observation Post System (MOPS; 公开资讯观测站) is Taiwan's official website where investors access disclosure by companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and Taipei Exchange, established in 2002.
Market penetration
Market penetration is the share of a target market that buys or knows a product, and a growth strategy, the safest quadrant of Ansoff's 1965 matrix.
Market power
Market power is a firm's ability to profitably price above, or restrict output below, competitive levels; it sits at the center of antitrust economics and merger review.
Market research
Market research, also called market studies, is the systematic gathering, analysis, and interpretation of information about individuals and organizations, using statistical and analytical methods to support business and policy decisions.
Market segmentation
Market segmentation, also known as customer segmentation, is the marketing practice of dividing a broad market into customer groups sharing needs, attitudes, or behaviors, so each group can be served distinctly.
Market segmentation theory
Market segmentation theory is a theory of the term structure of interest rates holding that each bond maturity's rate is set by that segment's own supply and demand.
Market share
Market share, also called unit market share, is the fraction of a defined market's sales one firm accounts for, measured by revenue or units sold.
Market socialism
Market socialism: economic models combining social or collective ownership of the means of production with market allocation of goods and prices. Key variants include Lange's model, worker self-management (Yugoslavia), and China's socialist market economy.
Market Square Arena
Market Square Arena was a 1974–2001 multi-purpose arena in downtown Indianapolis, home of the Indiana Pacers and Indianapolis Racers, site of Elvis Presley's final 1977 concert and Michael Jordan's 1995 comeback game, demolished by implosion in 2001.
Market Stability Reserve
The Market Stability Reserve (MSR) is a mechanism of the European Union Emissions Trading System that automatically adjusts the supply of emission allowances, operating since 2019.
Market structure
Market structure, also called market form, is the organization of a market by number of firms, entry barriers, and product differentiation, classified into perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
Market Theatre (Johannesburg)
Market Theatre (Johannesburg) is a state-funded cultural institution founded in 1974 by Mannie Manim and Barney Simon. It operates out of the city's 1913 Indian Fruit Market building.
Market timing hypothesis
The market timing hypothesis is a capital structure theory, advanced by Baker and Wurgler in 2002, holding that firms issue overvalued shares and repurchase undervalued ones.
Market town
A market town is a town holding the legal right to hold a market, granted historically by royal charter, which grew as the trading center of its countryside.
Market trend
A market trend, or price trend, is a sustained directional movement of financial market prices, classified into bull and bear markets, corrections, and daily fluctuations.
Market value
Market value is the estimated amount an asset or liability would exchange for between a willing buyer and seller in an arm's length transaction, per International Valuation Standards.
Market-based task allocation
Market-based task allocation is a method for assigning tasks to robots in a multi-robot system: each robot computes costs or utilities for tasks, and an auction awards them.
Markéta Davidová
Markéta Davidová (Makula), Czech biathlete born 1997 in Jablonec nad Nisou; 2021 Pokljuka 15 km individual world champion, 4 World Cup wins, 2022 individual globe; three Olympics; recurring herniated disc.
Markéta Irglová
Markéta Irglová (born 1988, Valašské Meziříčí) is a Czech singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor of The Swell Season with Glen Hansard; she won the 2008 Oscar for Best Original Song for "Falling Slowly" from Once, lives in Iceland, and has released Anar, Muna, Lila, and Where You Belong.
Marketa Lazarova
Marketa Lazarová (Markéta Lazarová) is František Vláčil's 1967 Czechoslovak medieval epic, freely adapted from Vladislav Vančura's 1931 novel, shot over three years in Šumava exteriors, and voted the best Czech film of all time in a 1998 critics' poll.
Markéta Vondroušová
Markéta Vondroušová, Czech left-handed tennis player born 1999; 2023 Wimbledon champion as the first unseeded women's winner of the Open Era, 2019 French Open finalist, Tokyo 2020 Olympic silver medalist, later given a four-year ITIA doping suspension.
Marketing
Marketing is the business practice of identifying, predicting, and meeting customer needs, coordinating research, product, pricing, distribution, and communication; advertising and market research are components of it, not synonyms.