All articles starting with M
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Marko Vovchok
Marko Vovchok, pen name of Mariia Olexandrivna Vilinska, was a Ukrainian writer whose 1857 collection Folk Tales made her the most prominent female writer in nineteenth-century Ukrainian literature.
Marköbel
Marköbel is a village in Hammersbach in Hesse, Germany, first recorded in 839 as Cavilla and known for the Roman cohort fort of the Limes beneath its center.
Markopaşa
Markopaşa was a weekly political satire newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey, from 1946 to 1950, founded by Sabahattin Ali and Aziz Nesin despite repeated confiscations and closures.
Markos Botsaris
Markos Botsaris (Greek: Μάρκος Μπότσαρης) was a Souliote chieftain and leading commander of the Greek War of Independence, best known for defending Missolonghi and dying in battle in 1823.
Markov additive process
A Markov additive process (MAP) is a stochastic process combining a Markov modulator with an additive component, introduced in the 1970s as a generalization of Lévy processes.
Markov algorithm
A Markov algorithm, also called a normal algorithm, is a string-rewriting model of computation, introduced by Andrei Markov in 1947 and equivalent in power to a Turing machine.
Markov analysis
Markov analysis is a dependability engineering method that models a system as a stochastic process moving among states like operational, degraded, and failed, relying on the memoryless Markov property.
Markov blanket
A Markov blanket is the minimal set of variables shielding a target from all others, introduced by Judea Pearl in 1988 as a core Bayesian network concept.
Markov chain
A Markov chain, also called a Markovian process, is a stochastic process where the next state depends only on the current state, used in web ranking and statistical sampling.
Markov chain central limit theorem
The Markov chain central limit theorem states that centered sums of a function along a Markov chain converge to a normal distribution, underpinning MCMC standard errors.
Markov chain Monte Carlo
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a class of algorithms that sample from a probability distribution by running a Markov chain with that distribution as its equilibrium.
Markov chain Monte Carlo in physics
Markov chain Monte Carlo in physics is the use of Markov chain sampling, introduced by Metropolis and colleagues in 1953, to compute equilibrium averages in statistical mechanics.
Markov decision process
A Markov decision process, or MDP, also called a Markov decision problem, is a mathematical model in which an agent chooses actions in states to earn rewards, the foundation of reinforcement learning.
Markov kernel
A Markov kernel, also called a stochastic kernel or transition probability, is a measurable map assigning to each point of one space a probability measure on another.
Markov localization
Markov localization is a probabilistic method that estimates a mobile robot's position from sensor data by maintaining a probability distribution over a grid of possible locations, enabling localization without knowing the starting point.
Markov model
A Markov model is a stochastic model where the next state depends only on the current state, used in speech recognition, bioinformatics, and Bayesian inference.
Markov property
The Markov property, or Markov condition, is the memoryless property of a stochastic process: given the present state, the future does not depend on the past.
Markov random field
A Markov random field, or Markov network, is a set of random variables on an undirected graph where each variable is conditionally independent of all others given its neighbors.
Markov reward process
A Markov reward process is a Markov chain with numerical rewards attached to states or transitions and a discount factor, modeling a stochastic system scored over time but not controlled.
Markov state model
A Markov state model (MSM) is a kinetic model of molecular dynamics that partitions conformational space into discrete states and a transition matrix, built from many short simulations.
Markov switching multifractal
Markov switching multifractal (MSM) is a stochastic volatility model of financial returns in which volatility is the product of latent multipliers switching at different frequencies, introduced by Calvet and Fisher.
Markov's inequality
Markov's inequality is a theorem of probability theory bounding the probability that a non-negative random variable exceeds a threshold by its mean divided by that threshold.
Markovnikov's rule
Markovnikov's rule, also known as the Markownikoff rule, is an organic chemistry rule proposed in 1869 by Vladimir Markovnikov, predicting where hydrogen halides add across unsymmetrical alkenes.
Markowitz model
The Markowitz model, or mean-variance portfolio selection, is Harry Markowitz's framework for choosing a portfolio by trading off expected return against variance, set out in 1952.
Marks & Spencer
Marks & Spencer (M&S), British retailer founded 1884 by Michael Marks at Kirkgate Market, Leeds, partnered with Tom Spencer 1894; own-label food, fashion and home; listed 1926; hit by 2025 cyberattack; revenue £17.3bn.
Marksburg
The Marksburg is a medieval hilltop castle above Braubach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, first documented in 1231 and the only hilltop castle on the Middle Rhine never destroyed.
Marksman
Marksman, also designated marksman or sharpshooter: a skilled rifleman organic to an infantry squad who provides precision fire at short and medium ranges with a semi-automatic scoped DMR, maneuvering with the squad, unlike the semi-autonomous sniper.
Marksmanship badges (United States)
Marksmanship badges of the United States Armed Forces: Army, Navy, and Marine Corps qualification badges at Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert levels, plus Distinguished badges, the President's Hundred tab, and EIC competition awards.
Marksmanship ribbon
Marksmanship ribbon, a US military ribbon-only award for weapons qualification. Navy rifle and pistol ribbons, Coast Guard rifle ribbon, Air Force Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon (1962); Army uses badges instead.
MARKT-PILOT
MARKT-PILOT is a German software company, founded in Stuttgart in 2020 by Tobias Rieker and Amin Oumhamdi, selling price-management software for machine manufacturers' spare parts.