All articles starting with M
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Mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle
The mathematical formulation of the equivalence principle states that gravity can be eliminated at any single point of spacetime by a suitable choice of coordinates, while curvature remains.
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
The mathematical formulation of the Standard Model is a renormalizable quantum field theory developed in the early 1970s to describe the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.
Mathematical induction
Mathematical induction, also called proof by induction, is a proof technique that establishes a statement holds for every natural number from a base case onward.
Mathematical linguistics
Mathematical linguistics is the study of mathematical structures and methods for describing the structure of natural languages, arising in the 1950s from machine translation and Chomsky's early work.
Mathematical logic
Mathematical logic, also known as formal logic, is the branch of mathematics that builds formal languages and proof systems, comprising proof theory, model theory, set theory, and computability theory.
Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx
Karl Marx's mathematical manuscripts are roughly a thousand sheets of notes on mathematics, chiefly the differential calculus, written in the 1850s to 1883 and published in the 20th century.
Mathematical model
Mathematical modeling is the description of a system or phenomenon in mathematical language, used for virtual experiments, prediction, and analysis when real experiments would be expensive or impossible.
Mathematical morphology
Mathematical morphology is a nonlinear approach to image analysis that probes images with small patterns called structuring elements, founded by Georges Matheron and Jean Serra in the 1960s.
Mathematical notation
Mathematical notation, also called maths or math notation, is the system of symbols and conventions by which mathematics is written, developed gradually from the fifteenth century onward.
Mathematical object
Mathematical object: a number, set, function, or figure treated as the subject matter of mathematics. Central debate: platonism (abstract, independent objects), structuralism (positions in structures), and nominalism (no abstract objects), shaped by Frege and Benacerraf.
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode, also called Unicode mathematical symbols, are the characters Unicode encodes for mathematical notation, centered on the Mathematical Operators block.
Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization, also called mathematical programming, is the selection of a best element by minimizing or maximizing an objective function subject to constraints on the variables.
Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the study of mathematical models of physical events, constructing models for physics and analyzing them with mathematical methods like partial differential equations.
Mathematical Platonism
Mathematical Platonism is the metaphysical view that abstract mathematical objects, such as numbers, sets, and functions, exist independently of us, our language, and our practices, so mathematical truths are discovered, not invented.
Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a deductive argument establishing a statement as true from accepted starting points such as axioms and definitions, tracing to Euclid's Elements.
Mathematical Reviews
Mathematical Reviews (MR) is a reviewing service and bibliographic database for mathematical literature, published by the American Mathematical Society since 1940 and available electronically as MathSciNet.
Mathematical statistics
Mathematical statistics, also known as theoretical statistics, is the branch of mathematics that develops statistical methods with probability theory, covering estimation, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and experimental design.
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person who uses mathematics as a profession or primary field of study, either extending mathematical knowledge through research and proof or applying it to practical problems.
Mathematics
Mathematics (Mathematik) is the science of structure, order, and relation that evolved from counting, measuring, and describing shapes, spanning ancient Babylonian arithmetic to modern fields like artificial intelligence.
Mathematics and art
Mathematics and art, also called math and art, is the interaction between mathematical ideas like geometry, proportion, and perspective and visual art, running from ancient Greece through Renaissance perspective to Escher and fractals.
Mathematics education
Mathematics education: the teaching and learning of mathematics; five strands of mathematical proficiency, the new math reform episode, OECD classroom-practice findings, and PISA versus TIMSS assessment.
Mathematics of apportionment
Mathematics of apportionment: social choice theory of allocating integer seats proportionally, via quota methods (Hamilton) and divisor methods (Jefferson, Webster, Huntington-Hill), with paradoxes, the Balinski-Young theorem, bias results, and U.S. House history.
Mathematics of general relativity
The mathematics of general relativity models spacetime as a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold whose metric is dynamic, with the Einstein field equations relating curvature to matter and energy.
Mathematics of Sudoku
Mathematics of Sudoku: the 9×9 puzzle as a Latin square with 3×3 box constraints; 6.67×10^21 completed grids, 5.47×10^9 essentially different, 17-clue minimum (McGuire et al.), exact cover, and NP-completeness of generalized Sudoku.
Mathematics Subject Classification
The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is an alphanumeric scheme for categorizing mathematical literature, maintained jointly by Mathematical Reviews and zbMATH and revised roughly every ten years since 1990.
Matheran (माथेरान)
Matheran (माथेरान), a Western Ghats hill station in Raigad district, Maharashtra, at about 800 m elevation; Asia's only vehicle-free hill station, an Eco-Sensitive Zone since 2003, with the 1907 Neral–Matheran toy train.
Matheson Tri-Gas
Matheson Tri-Gas, Inc. was an American industrial and specialty gas company formed in 1999 from the merger of Matheson Gas Products and Tri-Gas, both owned by Japan's Nippon Sanso.
Matheus Cunha
Matheus Cunha (Matheus Santos Carneiro da Cunha), Brazilian forward born 1999 in João Pessoa; Manchester United and Brazil no.9; formerly Sion, Leipzig, Hertha, Atlético, Wolves; 2024/25 15-goal PL season, £62.5m 2025 move.
Matheus e Kauan
Matheus e Kauan is a Brazilian sertanejo duo formed in 2010 by brothers Matheus and Kauan from Itapuranga, Goiás, who broke through with "Que Sorte a Nossa" in 2015.
Matheus Henrique
Matheus Henrique, full name Matheus Henrique de Souza, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Cruzeiro and won gold with Brazil at the 2020 Olympics.