All articles starting with M

Median dynasty

The Median dynasty was the ruling lineage of the Median kingdom of western Iran, described by Herodotus as four kings of one family, ending when Cyrus the Great deposed Astyages in 550 BCE.

Median filter

The median filter, or median filtering, is a nonlinear filter replacing each pixel with the median of its window, removing impulse noise while preserving edges.

Median income

Median income is the amount that divides an income distribution into two equal groups, half above and half below, preferred over the mean because high incomes skew the average.

Median invasion of Urartu

The Median invasion of Urartu is the traditional name for the late-7th-century BC Median assault, attributed to Cyaxares, credited with ending the kingdom of Urartu in the Armenian highland.

Median kingdom

The Median kingdom, also known as the Median Empire, was an ancient Iranian kingdom centered at Ecbatana, overthrown by Cyrus II of Persia in 550 BC.

Median language

Median, also called Medic, is the ancient northwestern Iranian language of the Medes, attested only through proper names and loanwords because no Median text has ever been found.

Median lethal dose (LD50) is the dose expected to kill 50% of a test animal population, a standard acute toxicity measure in mg/kg. Introduced by Trevan in 1927; the classical OECD 401 test was deleted in 2002 for fewer-animal methods 420, 423, and 425.

Median nerve

Median nerve: terminal branch of the brachial plexus (lateral and medial cords, C5-T1) innervating most forearm flexors, thenar muscles, and the lateral 3.5 digits; compressed in carpal tunnel and pronator syndrome.

Median nerve stimulation

Median nerve stimulation (MNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that delivers low-frequency electrical pulses over the median nerve at the wrist, used as an awakening therapy in coma for more than 25 years.

Median of medians

Median of medians, also called BFPRT, is a deterministic pivot-selection algorithm, published in 1973 by Blum, Floyd, Pratt, Rivest, and Tarjan, guaranteeing worst-case linear-time selection.

Median rhomboid glossitis

Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG), also called central papillary atrophy, is a rare rhomboid red patch on the midline tongue dorsum, usually a chronic Candida albicans infection linked to smoking, dentures, anemia, and diabetes, treated with nystatin when symptomatic.

Median sacral artery

Median sacral artery (arteria sacralis mediana): small unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta just above its bifurcation, descending over L4–L5, sacrum, and coccyx; supplies sacrum, coccyx, and posterior rectum, with common-trunk origin variants relevant to spine and pelvic surgery.

Median settlement of Iran

The Median settlement of Iran was the arrival and settlement of Iranian-speaking Median tribes in western Iran, placed by scholars at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE.

Median sternotomy

A median sternotomy is a surgical incision dividing the breastbone vertically to expose the heart, proposed in 1897 and the standard approach for most cardiac operations since 1957.

Median test

The median test, also known as Mood's median test, is a nonparametric statistical test of whether two or more independent samples come from populations with the same median.

Median voter theorem

Median voter theorem: with single-peaked preferences on one policy dimension, majority rule selects the median voter's ideal point (Black 1948); Downsian candidates converge there, but multidimensional, probabilistic, and empirical settings often break the result.

Median Wall

The Median Wall, also known as the Wall of Semiramis, was a fortification built by Nebuchadnezzar II between the Tigris and Euphrates north of Babylon, running from Opis to Sippar.

Median–Lydian war

The Median–Lydian war was a five-year war between Media under Cyaxares and Lydia under Alyattes, fought in eastern Anatolia in about 590–585 BC over Cappadocia.

Mediana (ancient city)

Mediana (Медијана) was a late Roman imperial residence and estate about 4 km east of Naissus (Niš, Serbia), built under Constantine the Great, visited by Valentinian I and Valens in 364, and destroyed by the Huns in 441–443.

Mediar Therapeutics

Mediar Therapeutics is a Boston-based biotechnology company, founded in 2018, developing anti-fibrotic antibodies that target the myofibroblast for conditions including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, and kidney fibrosis.

Médias francophones publics

Médias francophones publics: the publicly funded French-language broadcasters of France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Québec and Monaco, united since 2016 in the Les Médias Francophones Publics association (14 groups, 20,000 staff), alongside TV5MONDE and France Médias Monde.

Mediaset

Mediaset is Italy's largest private media company and leading commercial broadcaster, founded by Silvio Berlusconi around Canale 5, Italia 1, and Rete 4, and controlled by the Berlusconi family.

Mediastinal arteriovenous malformation

Mediastinal arteriovenous malformation (mediastinal AVM, ORPHA:714709) is an exceedingly rare congenital artery-to-vein connection without capillaries in the chest's mediastinum, prevalence under 1 per million, treated mainly by embolization plus surgery.

Mediastinal lymph node dissection

Mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) is the surgical removal of all mediastinal lymph node packets during lung cancer resection, performed for accurate staging and regional disease control.

Mediastinoscopes

Mediastinoscopes: thin, lighted tube-like instruments inserted above the breastbone for mediastinoscopy, introduced by Carlens in 1959; used to biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes, chiefly for lung cancer staging, now often video-assisted (VAMLA).

Mediastinoscopy

Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a rigid scope is inserted through a small neck incision to visualize and biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes, chiefly for lung cancer staging.

Mediastinotomy

Mediastinotomy, also known as anterior or parasternal mediastinotomy or the Chamberlain procedure, is a surgical biopsy of mediastinal lymph nodes through a left parasternal incision, reported in 1966.

Mediastinum

Mediastinum: central thoracic compartment between the pleural sacs, holding the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus; divided traditionally into four compartments and, by the ITMIG CT-based standard, into prevascular, visceral, and paravertebral compartments.

Mediated learning

Mediated learning is an educational approach developed by Reuven Feuerstein in 1974, in which an adult mediates a learner's experiences to build lasting capacity to learn.