All articles starting with M
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Membership in the National Academy of Engineering
Membership in the National Academy of Engineering is an elected honor for outstanding contributions to engineering practice, research, or education, widely called one of the profession's highest distinctions.
Membership in the National Academy of Sciences
Membership in the National Academy of Sciences is an elected honor recognizing distinguished achievements in original research; only members may nominate, and 120 are elected each year.
Membership inference
Membership inference is a privacy attack on machine learning models that determines whether a given record was in the training data, first demonstrated by Reza Shokri and colleagues in 2016.
Membership inference attack
A membership inference attack (MIA) determines whether a data record was part of a machine learning model's training dataset, revealing sensitive information such as health conditions.
Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, held by an academician (yuanshi), is China's highest academic title in science and technology, a lifelong honor with new members elected every two years.
Membership records of the German-language academies of sciences
The membership records of the German-language academies of sciences are the registers, admission protocols, and directories through which academies such as Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, and the Leopoldina documented who belonged to them.
Membership services and professional development in physics teacher associations
Membership services and professional development in physics teacher associations are the benefits societies like the AAPT and Institute of Physics offer teachers, including journals, conferences, workshops, and mentoring networks.
Membracidae
Membracidae, the treehoppers, is a hemipteran family of over 400 genera and 3200 sap-sucking species defined by an enlarged thornlike pronotum; New World origin, ant mutualism, and two major phylogenetic lineages.
Membrane
Membrane: the biological membrane, a lipid bilayer about 5 nm thick with embedded proteins, structured per the 1972 Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model and later refined with lipid rafts and membrane domains.
Membrane attack complex component/perforin (MACPF) domain
MACPF domain (InterPro IPR020864), the membrane attack complex component/perforin pore-forming domain; shares a fold with cholesterol-dependent cytolysins despite no sequence identity; forms giant β-barrel pores up to 300 Å across in complement, perforin, and parasites.
Membrane bioreactor
A membrane bioreactor, also called a membrane biological reactor, is a wastewater treatment process that combines activated sludge with membrane filtration, replacing the secondary clarifier.
Membrane chromatography
Membrane chromatography is a bioseparation method that combines membrane filtration and liquid chromatography, used mainly for flow-through polishing of monoclonal antibodies and purifying viruses and plasmid DNA.
Membrane contact site
A membrane contact site is a region where the membranes of two organelles lie close together, typically 5–50 nm apart, without fusing, mediating lipid transfer, calcium signaling, and other functions.
Membrane contactor
A membrane contactor is a separation device that transfers gas or liquid between two fluids across a microporous membrane, used for carbon dioxide capture and water degassing.
Membrane distillation
Membrane distillation is a thermally driven desalination process in which water vapor passes through a hydrophobic microporous membrane; it runs at ambient pressure on low-temperature heat such as waste heat or solar energy.
Membrane electrode assembly
A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the layered core of a PEM fuel cell or water electrolyzer, where the electrochemical reactions occur and which largely determines efficiency, lifetime, and cost.
Membrane emulsification
Membrane emulsification is a technique that makes uniform emulsions by forcing a liquid through tiny membrane pores, so droplet size is set by pore size.
Membrane extraction
Membrane extraction is a sample preparation technique in analytical chemistry in which a selective membrane extracts and concentrates analytes from liquid or gas samples before analysis.
Membrane extraction with a sorbent interface
Membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique that extracts volatile organic compounds across a polymer membrane for gas chromatographic trace analysis.
Membrane filter
A membrane filter is a thin, porous polymeric or ceramic sheet with controlled pore size that removes particles and bacteria from fluids; sterilizing grades are rated 0.2 µm.
Membrane filtration
Membrane filtration is a separation process in which a semipermeable membrane, driven by a pressure difference, retains particles, solutes, or microorganisms while passing water or another fluid.
Membrane fluidity
Membrane fluidity describes how easily lipid and protein molecules move within a biological membrane's bilayer, determined by temperature and lipid composition such as unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
Membrane fouling
Membrane fouling is the deposition of particles, colloids, macromolecules, and microorganisms on a membrane during filtration, cutting flux and raising pressure in processes like reverse osmosis.
Membrane humidifier
A membrane humidifier is a heat and mass exchanger that humidifies the inlet air of proton exchange membrane fuel cells without moving parts or external water.
Membrane Oxygenators
Membrane oxygenators are blood-gas exchangers that oxygenate blood across a gas-permeable membrane without direct blood-gas contact, core components of ECMO and cardiopulmonary bypass, evolving from 1950s silicone sheets to microporous polypropylene and modern PMP hollow fibers.
Membrane paradigm
The membrane paradigm is an approach to black-hole physics in which the event horizon is replaced by a stretched horizon behaving like a viscous, electrically conducting fluid.
Membrane physics
Membrane physics is the field describing lipid bilayers and vesicles with continuum theory, chiefly the Helfrich curvature energy, measuring elastic constants by micromanipulation and simulation.
Membrane polarization
Membrane polarization is a mechanism of induced polarization in rocks and soils, in which clay surfaces and narrow pores form ion-selective zones that build up charge-storing ion concentration gradients.
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (Vmem, transmembrane voltage) is the inside-minus-outside voltage across a cell membrane, set mainly by K+ permeability and ion gradients, described by Nernst and Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equations, measured by patch clamp and voltage imaging.
Membrane protein
A membrane protein is a protein associated with a cell or organelle membrane, either embedded in the lipid bilayer or bound to its surface; over 40% of drug targets are membrane proteins.