All articles starting with N
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Neapolitan chord
Neapolitan chord (N6, Neapolitan sixth, bII): a major triad on the lowered second scale degree, usually in first inversion, functioning as a pre-dominant that resolves to V in classical harmony, most common in minor keys.
Neapolitan language
Neapolitan, also known as napulitano, is a Romance language spoken in Naples and much of southern Italy. It evolved from spoken Latin between the 6th and 8th centuries.
Neapolitan Novels
The Neapolitan Novels are Elena Ferrante's four-volume series (My Brilliant Friend through The Story of the Lost Child, 2011–2014) tracing Elena Greco and Lila Cerullo's lifelong friendship in Naples, sold in millions of copies and adapted by HBO.
Neapolitan pizza
Neapolitan pizza (pizza napoletana) is the round, soft-crust pizza of Naples, protected as an EU Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (2010) and whose pizzaiuolo craft is UNESCO intangible heritage (2017), codified by the AVPN since 1984.
NEAR (blockchain platform)
NEAR, also known as NEAR Protocol, is a proof-of-stake layer-1 blockchain for scalable decentralized applications, co-founded by Alex Skidanov and Illia Polosukhin, with its mainnet launching in April 2020.
Near and far field
The near and far field are the regions around a radiating antenna or diffracting aperture: near, energy is stored and returned; far, the field becomes a plane wave.
Near Dark
Near Dark (1987) is Kathryn Bigelow's vampire western, written with Eric Red, about farm boy Caleb Colton (Adrian Pasdar), bitten by Mae (Jenny Wright) and forced to ride with a nomadic vampire family including Lance Henriksen and Bill Paxton; a box-office failure that became a cult classic.
Near East
Near East: nineteenth-century European term for the Ottoman lands nearest Europe, now mainly the scholarly name for the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Levant, Anatolia, Iran, c. 6500 BCE to 651 CE), largely replaced by Middle East after 1902.
Near miss (safety)
A near miss, also called a close call, is a safety incident in which two aircraft come within 500 feet of each other without colliding, treated by the FAA as a warning of risk.
Near North Side, Chicago
The Near North Side is one of Chicago's 77 community areas, directly north of the Loop, containing the Gold Coast, Old Town, River North, and Streeterville.
NEAR Shoemaker
NEAR Shoemaker, also known as Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, was a NASA spacecraft that became the first to orbit and land on an asteroid, 433 Eros.
Near vision impairment
Near vision impairment (ICD-11 9D90.7) is presenting near visual acuity worse than N6 at 40 cm with existing correction, mainly from presbyopia; 826 million people are unaddressed, over 800 million lack reading glasses, and WHO targets a 40-point eREC rise by 2030.
Near visual acuity
Near visual acuity is the smallest readable print at reading distance (about 35-40 cm), tested with Jaeger, Rosenbaum, N-notation, or ETDRS near charts; Jaeger's 1854 Schrift-Scalen was the first standard, but Jaeger sizes were never defined.
Near-death experience
Near-death experience (NDE): profound subjective experience reported near death or cardiac arrest, featuring peace, out-of-body perception, tunnel and light, life review. Incidence 6.3–39.3% of cardiac-arrest survivors; explained via NEPTUNE neuroscientific model or dualist views.
Near-Earth object
A near-Earth object (NEO) is an asteroid or comet whose orbit brings it close to Earth's, defined as having a perihelion distance of 1.3 astronomical units or less; about 99% are asteroids.
Near-field channel estimation
Near-field channel estimation recovers path gains, angles, and distances for extremely large antenna arrays inside the Rayleigh distance, where spherical wavefronts make far-field angle-only methods break down; polar-domain representations restore sparsity.
Near-field communication
Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range contactless technology operating at 13.56 MHz with a range of up to 2 cm, used for contactless payments, transit tickets, and digital keys.
Near-field imaging
Near-field imaging is a family of scanning-probe microscopy techniques that uses an evanescent field at a subwavelength tip or aperture to image surfaces at resolutions down to about 10 nm.
Near-field radiative heat transfer
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) is the exchange of thermal energy between objects separated by less than the thermal wavelength, about 10 μm at room temperature.
Near-field scan
A near-field scan is an antenna measurement technique in which a small probe measures the field at short range, and a mathematical transformation yields the antenna's far-field radiation pattern.
Near-field thermophotovoltaic converters
A near-field thermophotovoltaic converter is a solid-state heat engine where a hot emitter and photovoltaic cell separated by a nanoscale gap exceed the blackbody limit.
Near-field thermophotovoltaics
Near-field thermophotovoltaics (NF-TPV) is an energy-conversion approach where a nanoscale gap between a hot emitter and a photovoltaic cell lets photon tunneling surpass the blackbody limit.
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging, also called infrared fluorescence imaging, is an optical technique using fluorescent probes to visualize vessels, bile ducts, lymphatics, and tumors during diagnosis and surgery.
Near-infrared II fluorescence imaging
Near-infrared II fluorescence imaging is an optical technique using 1,000–1,700 nm fluorescent probes to image deep tissue, such as blood vessels and tumors, with high resolution.
Near-infrared imaging
Near-infrared imaging, also called NIR chemical imaging, records a near-infrared spectrum at every pixel, yielding a hyperspectral datacube that maps chemical distribution non-destructively in pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural applications.
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a targeted cancer therapy in which an antibody-bound dye activated by near-infrared light kills tumor cells; its agent Akalux is approved in Japan for head and neck cancer.
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a vibrational spectroscopy technique measuring absorption of near-infrared light, roughly 780–2500 nm, giving rapid, non-destructive chemical analysis in agriculture, food, pharmaceuticals, and medicine.
Near-rectilinear halo orbit
A near-rectilinear halo orbit is a highly eccentric, nearly polar orbit around the Moon in the combined gravity of Earth and Moon, chosen for NASA's Gateway station.
Near-ring
A near-ring is an algebraic structure with addition and multiplication in which addition forms a possibly nonabelian group and multiplication distributes over addition from one side only.
Near-room-temperature thermoelectrics
Near-room-temperature thermoelectrics are materials and devices that convert heat into electricity or pump heat as solid-state coolers near ambient temperature, dominated since the 1950s by bismuth telluride alloys, with tellurium-free magnesium-based alternatives now under study.