All articles starting with N
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Neper (lunar crater)
Neper, a 144.32-km IAU-adopted lunar impact crater at 8.76°N, 84.58°E near Mare Marginis and the Smythii basin, with a dome-like central peak and satellite crater Neper D.
Nepet
Nepet (Nepete, Nepe; modern Nepi) was an Etruscan town of southern Etruria 40 km northwest of Rome, a Latin colony from 383 or 373 BC, later a municipium on the via Amerina, recorded as Nepe on the Tabula Peutingeriana.
Nephele Dorsa
Nephele Dorsa is a roughly 1,900-km-long north-trending ridge belt (dorsum) on Venus at 39.7N, 138.8E, IAU-approved in 1985 and named for the Greek cloud goddess Nephele.
Nepheline
Nepheline is a rock-forming feldspathoid mineral, Na3K(Al4Si4O16), that forms in silica-deficient magmas and is common in the igneous rock nepheline syenite, a raw material for glass and ceramics.
Nephelium
Nephelium is a Sapindaceae genus of 22 tropical Asian tree species from Indo-China to western Malesia, including rambutan (N. lappaceum) and pulasan (N. ramboutan-ake), fruit trees with arillate seeds.
Nephi Jeffs
Nephi Jeffs, brother of FLDS leader Warren Jeffs, served as his personal assistant and message conduit from prison, described as second-in-command of the FLDS; registered agent of two FLDS corporations and witness in the 2014 pecan harvest labor case.
Nephila
Nephila, the golden orb weavers, is a genus of large orb-weaving spiders (type species N. pilipes) in Araneidae, famed for exceptionally tough major ampullate silk and the first sequenced orb-weaver genome, N. clavipes; many former species now sit in Trichonephila.
Nephilim (נְפִלִים)
The Nephilim (Hebrew נְפִילִים) are figures mentioned in Genesis 6:4 and Numbers 13:33, associated with giant pre-Israelite inhabitants of Canaan and, in later interpretation, with the offspring of angels and human women.
Nephrectomy
A nephrectomy is an operation to remove all or part of a kidney, performed to treat kidney cancer or to harvest a kidney from a living donor.
Nephridium
A nephridium, also called a segmental organ, is a tubular excretory organ in many invertebrates that filters body fluid and regulates water and salt balance.
Nephrite
Nephrite, also known as nephrite jade or Nefrite, is one of the two minerals called jade, a tough amphibole rock that is the jade of ancient China and Māori New Zealand.
Nephritic syndrome
Nephritic syndrome, a glomerulonephritis presentation with hematuria, dysmorphic RBCs, RBC casts, hypertension, and variable proteinuria; acute or chronic; causes include postinfectious GN, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis.
Nephritis
Nephritis, also known as nefritis or kidney inflammation, is inflammation of the kidney, grouped by the affected part into glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and pyelonephritis, a bacterial kidney infection.
Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis, also called renal calcinosis or oxalosis when calcium oxalate, is calcium phosphate or oxalate deposition in kidney parenchyma, usually medullary (97%), caused by hyperparathyroidism, distal RTA, medullary sponge kidney, and over 30 monogenic genes.
Nephrocystin-1
Nephrocystin-1 (nephrocystin), encoded by NPHP1 on 2q13, is an SH3-domain adaptor protein at ciliary transition zones and cell junctions; whole-gene deletions cause nephronophthisis type 1, about 20-25% of cases, with ESRD near age 13.
Nephrocyte
Nephrocyte: insect scavenger cell filtering hemolymph through a slit diaphragm homologous to the mammalian podocyte's; Drosophila garland and pericardial nephrocytes model podocyte kidney disease.
Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis
Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD), also hereditary SIADH, is a rare X-linked AVPR2 gain-of-function disorder causing euvolemic hyponatremia with undetectable AVP; treated with fluid restriction and urea.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), formerly nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, is a rare gadolinium-triggered fibrosing disease of patients with severe renal impairment after MRI contrast, causing indurated skin, contractures, and sometimes organ fibrosis.
Nephrolepis
Nephrolepis (sword ferns, Boston ferns) is a pantropical fern genus of Nephrolepidaceae, about 19 to 30 species, with kidney-shaped indusia, stolons, and the 1894 'Bostoniensis' Boston fern cultivar.
Nephrolepis exaltata
Nephrolepis exaltata, sword fern or Boston fern (N. exaltata 'Bostoniensis'), a tropical American fern grown as a foliage crop and houseplant; arching-frond mutant found in Boston in the 1890s, IUCN least concern.
Nephrologists
Nephrologists, also called renal physicians, are internal medicine specialists treating kidney disease, dialysis, hypertension, and transplant care. US density is 3.6 per 100,000; projected 2025–2037 demand growth of 19.5% far exceeds 1.4% supply growth.
Nephrology (institution)
Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), ISSN 1320-5358 print and 1440-1797 online, is an Australian peer-reviewed nephrology journal published since 1995 by Blackwell Science and later Wiley, indexed in MEDLINE since 2003.
Nephrology (νεφρός)
Nephrology (νεφρός, kidney) is the internal medicine specialty for kidney disease, hypertension, dialysis, and transplantation; coined by A.A. Osman, it emerged as a specialty around 1960.
Nephroma
Nephroma (kidney-lichens) is a genus of about 35–40 foliose cyanolichens in Nephromataceae, Peltigerales, with kidney-shaped apothecia on the lower lobe surface, Nostoc photobionts, and old-growth indicator value.
Nephrometry
Nephrometry, or nephrometry score, is a set of urology scoring systems that rate kidney tumor complexity on CT imaging, led by the R.E.N.A.L. and PADUA scores from 2009.
Nephron
Nephron: the kidney's microscopic functional unit, comprising glomerulus, Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule; performs filtration, reabsorption, and secretion; nephron number links to hypertension and CKD risk.
Nephron development
Nephron development (nephrogenesis): how nephron progenitor cells form the kidney's filtration units via WNT, Notch, BMP, and FGF signaling, gradual recruitment patterning, and human–mouse differences.
Nephron-sparing surgery
Nephron-sparing surgery is a family of operations for kidney tumors, usually partial nephrectomy, that removes the tumor while preserving the rest of the kidney; it is the standard of care for localized T1 renal tumors.
Nephronophthisis
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive renal ciliopathy and the most common genetic cause of childhood ESRD, with over 20 genes, NPHP1 deletions in ~20% of cases, and no treatment beyond transplant.
NephroPlus
NephroPlus, also known as Nephrocare Health Services Limited, is an Indian dialysis services company founded around 2010 and headquartered in Hyderabad, operating 519 clinics worldwide as of 2025.