All articles starting with O
9,097 articles
Open educational resources
Open educational resources (OER) are openly licensed teaching, learning, and research materials permitting free use, adaptation, and redistribution. Defined by UNESCO's 2019 Recommendation; meta-analyses show negligible learning effects but lower withdrawal rates.
Open educational resources in physics
Open educational resources in physics are freely reusable teaching materials like simulations, problem sets, and open textbooks, a term adopted at the 2002 UNESCO forum on open courseware.
Open Era tennis records – Men's singles
Open Era men's singles tennis records, since 1968: Jimmy Connors leads career titles (109–112 by tally), Djokovic holds 24 Grand Slams, Nadal 14 French Opens, Federer 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1.
Open Europe
Open Europe: London-based, EU-skeptical UK think tank favoring a less centralized EU; led by Henry Newman (ex-Gove adviser) and Raoul Ruparel; urged leaving the Customs Union in 2017 and single-market goods alignment in 2018.
Open face chinese poker
Open face Chinese poker (OFC, OFCP) is a 2-4 player poker variant from Russia and Finland where players set 13 face-up cards into three hands, scoring points, fouls, royalties, and Fantasyland bonuses.
Open Fan
Open Fan is an aircraft engine architecture without a nacelle, enabling a bypass ratio over 60 and targeting roughly 20% lower fuel burn than today's engines.
Open field test
The open field test is a rodent behavioral assay in which locomotion, exploration, and anxiety-like behavior are measured in a walled arena, introduced in 1932.
Open Finance (Brazil)
Open Finance in Brazil is the regulated environment for sharing customer data, products, and services among institutions licensed by the Banco Central do Brasil, with consent.
Open flow microperfusion
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a minimally invasive method that continuously collects unfiltered interstitial fluid from tissue through a membrane-free catheter, measuring drugs, metabolites, and proteins over time.
Open Force Field Initiative
The Open Force Field Initiative is a network of academic and industry researchers building open molecular mechanics force fields for drug discovery, launched in 2018 with releases including Parsley and Sage.
Open Fracture Reduction
Open fracture reduction: surgical realignment of broken bone through a skin incision, usually with internal fixation (ORIF). Compared with closed reduction it offers more precise alignment but higher infection and nonunion rates in femoral shaft nailing.
Open front unrounded vowel
Open front unrounded vowel, also low front unrounded vowel, IPA [a] (number 304), primary cardinal vowel 4 at the lower-left of the vowel chart: an open, front, unrounded lip posture, the world's most common vowel, often used loosely for any single low vowel.
Open G tuning
Open G tuning (D-G-D-G-B-D) is an alternate guitar tuning whose open strings spell a G major chord, requiring only three strings dropped a whole step from standard. Known for slide blues, Keith Richards' five-string Rolling Stones riffs, and Joni Mitchell's folk fingerpicking.
Open Game License
The Open Game License is a copyright license published by Wizards of the Coast in 2000 that lets third parties commercially distribute Dungeons & Dragons rules mechanics.
Open Graph Benchmark
The Open Graph Benchmark (OGB) is a 2020 Stanford collection of large-scale benchmark datasets for graph machine learning, covering node, link, and graph prediction tasks with standardized evaluation and public leaderboards.
Open Graphics Project
The Open Graphics Project was a community effort begun in 2004 to design a fully documented, patent-free graphics card, producing the OGD1 FPGA development board in 2010.
Open Handset Alliance
The Open Handset Alliance is a Google-led consortium announced in 2007 by 34 founding companies including T-Mobile, HTC, and Qualcomm to develop Android, a free, open mobile platform.
Open Hearts
Open Hearts (Elsker dig for evigt) is a 2002 Danish Dogme 95 drama, Dogme #28, directed by Susanne Bier with Sonja Richter, Nikolaj Lie Kaas, Mads Mikkelsen, and Paprika Steen; Denmark's Oscar entry about an affair after a paralyzing car accident.
Open Images dataset
Open Images is a computer vision dataset released by Google Research in 2016, with about 9 million Flickr images annotated with labels, bounding boxes, segmentation masks, and relationships.
Open information extraction
Open information extraction is a natural language processing method that extracts relational tuples of arguments and predicates from text without predefined relation types, introduced in 2007.
Open inguinal hernia repair
Open inguinal hernia repair corrects a groin hernia through a groin incision, usually reinforcing the inguinal canal's posterior wall with synthetic mesh, most often by the Lichtenstein technique.
Open Internet Order
The Open Internet Order is a 2015 FCC rule establishing net neutrality rules for US broadband providers, banning blocking, throttling, and paid prioritization under Title II.
Open Internet Regulation (EU) 2015/2120
Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 is the European Union regulation adopted in November 2015 that enshrined net neutrality in EU law and abolished retail roaming surcharges from 15 June 2017.
Open Journal Systems
Open Journal Systems (OJS) is free, open source software for managing and publishing scholarly journals online, first released in 2001 by the Public Knowledge Project at the University of British Columbia.
Open letter
Open letter: a published letter addressed to a specific person but written for a public readership, also called lettre ouverte. Distinguished from petitions and op-eds by direct second-person address; famous examples include Zola's J'accuse and the PLOS open letter.
Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)
The open letter on artificial intelligence of 2015, published by the Future of Life Institute, urges research to keep AI robust and beneficial and drew thousands of signatories.
Open Library
Open Library is an Internet Archive open-source book catalog, started circa 2006 as The Pharos Project, aiming at one web page per published book, with free one-at-a-time digital lending (10 books, 1-hour or 14-day loans) shaped by the 2023 Hachette lawsuit.
Open list
Open list (open list proportional representation, OLPR): a list PR ballot letting voters choose a party and individual candidates, whose preference votes decide who fills the party's seats; used in about 40 countries, distinct from closed and limited-vote systems.
Open LLM Leaderboard
The Open LLM Leaderboard was an automated Hugging Face ranking service that evaluated open-weight large language models on fixed benchmarks, its original version archived in June 2024.
Open lung ventilation
Open lung ventilation is a mechanical ventilation strategy for ARDS, proposed by B. Lachmann in 1992, combining recruitment maneuvers with high PEEP to reopen collapsed alveoli, though no proven mortality benefit exists.